Alphabeta Math
CounterexampleConstruction: AI-generatedVerification: AI-generatedPipeline-generatedaudited 2026-09-22
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A nonadapted step integrand breaks the Ito isometry

Statement refuted

The inference "every step integrand satisfies the Ito isometry E[(0THdB)2]=E0TH2ds, where the naive integral of a step coefficient is the corresponding finite sum of Brownian increments" is false. For T>0 the step integrand Hs:=1{BT>T} on (0,T], with the naive terminal sum HBT=1{BT>T}BT, satisfies E[H2BT2]>TE[H2], whereas a step integrand satisfying the isometry would give equality E[H2BT2]=TE[H2] because 0TH2ds=H2T. The coefficient H is a step coefficient on (0,T] but is not F0-measurable, so it is not an admissible elementary predictable integrand.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: AC, the standing hypothesis (H), with (Ft) chosen to be the usual augmented natural filtration of B, a horizon T>0, the event A:={BT>T}, and the step integrand H=1A on (0,T].

[F1]

BT has law N(0,T); in particular P(A)=P(Z>1) for a standard normal Z, which lies strictly between 0 and 1 because the standard normal density is strictly positive on (1,) and has total mass one. Standard normal and normal laws Brownian covariance is equivalent to independent stationary normal increments Brownian motion

[F2]

An elementary predictable integrand on [0,T] has bounded coefficients measurable at the left endpoints of its blocks; a coefficient on a block starting at 0 must therefore be F0-measurable. The usual augmented Brownian filtration has a trivial time-zero sigma-algebra: F0 is the sigma-algebra generated by the germ F0+0 together with the terminal null sets of the usual augmented filtration, and every germ event has probability 0 or 1 by Blumenthal's law, so every set in F0 has probability 0 or 1. Natural and usual augmented Brownian filtrations Blumenthal's zero-one law

[F3]

AC is declared for the ambient interfaces. The Axiom of Choice

Counterexample

1.1

On the event A one has BT2>T by definition of A, while off A the integrand H=1A vanishes; hence H2BT2=1ABT21AT, and the inequality is strict on the nonempty event A (where BT2>T strictly), so E[H2BT2]>TP(A).

F1given
1.2

The integrand H=1A is not admissible: Aσ(BT)FT and P(A)(0,1) by [F1]; an event in F0 differs from a germ event in F0+0 only by a null set, so by [F2] every set in F0 has probability 0 or 1; hence AF0, so a block coefficient equal to 1A on (0,T] violates the left-endpoint measurability requirement at time 0.

F1F2
2.1

Since H2=1A, one has E[H2]=P(A) and 0TH2ds=H2T=1AT, so TE[H2]=TP(A)<E[H2BT2] by step 1.1; this is the asserted violation of the isometry-type equality, and P(A)(0,1) by [F1], so the strict inequality is between finite positive numbers.

F1step 1.1
3.1

The witness therefore separates the two hypotheses: with the left-endpoint measurability clause enforced, the elementary isometry of item 7 computes E[H2BT2]=TE[H2] for the admissible case; dropping that clause and using the future information contained in BT admits the strict violation above. Note that the symmetry of BT does not rescue the mean: it is the second moment, not the first, that the isometry governs, and the failure exhibited is a second-moment failure. AC enters only through [F3].

F2F3step 1.2step 2.1given

Source notes

Lawler, Section 3.2.2, requires the simple-process coefficients to be measurable with respect to the past of their intervals; the example exhibits exactly why that hypothesis cannot be dropped from the isometry.

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