How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Degree zero does not imply a sphere map is constant
Statement refuted
The implication “a continuous self-map of of degree zero is constant” is false. For every there is a surjective, hence nonconstant, continuous map of degree zero.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The objects and hypotheses in the statement above.
Let be continuous, , with source and target orientations fixed. If is finite, then The sum over an empty fibre is . (Global sphere degree is the sum of local degrees)
On for , the identity, a constant map, any single coordinate reflection, and the antipodal map have degrees , , , and respectively. (Degree of identity constant reflection and antipodal sphere maps)
For every and there exists a continuous self-map of of degree . (Every integer occurs as the degree of a sphere map)
Counterexample
Choose two disjoint closed round -balls in , each with nonempty interior. Collapse the complement of their interiors to a point. As in the pinch construction of [F3], this gives a continuous quotient to . On the first quotient use an orientation-preserving homeomorphism to the target sphere, taking the collapsed boundary to a chosen basepoint . On the second use an orientation-reversing homeomorphism with the same basepoint image; obtain it by composing an orientation-preserving one with a reflection fixing . Such a reflection has degree by [F2].
The two maps agree at the wedge point, so they descend to a continuous map . Each ball quotient already covers the target, so is surjective and nonconstant. A point has precisely two preimages, one in each ball interior. With the inherited local orientations their local degrees are and : restriction of each oriented quotient homeomorphism to its interior preserves the local generator, and the inserted reflection reverses it. Thus [F1] gives . This refutes constancy, without making any assertion that a degree-zero map cannot be nullhomotopic.
Depends on
Used by
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Dependency tree · two levels
9 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Hatcher, Algebraic Topology, Example 2.31, p.136 (signed fold variation) (standard reference, not scraped)