Alphabeta Math
CounterexampleConstruction: AI-adaptedVerification: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedaudited 2026-09-07
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Degree zero does not imply a sphere map is constant

Statement refuted

The implication “a continuous self-map of Sn of degree zero is constant” is false. For every n1 there is a surjective, hence nonconstant, continuous map SnSn of degree zero.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The objects and hypotheses in the statement above.

[F1]

Let f:SnSn be continuous, n1, with source and target orientations fixed. If f1(y) is finite, then deg(f)=xf1(y)degxf. The sum over an empty fibre is 0. (Global sphere degree is the sum of local degrees)

[F2]

On SnRn+1 for n1, the identity, a constant map, any single coordinate reflection, and the antipodal map have degrees 1, 0, 1, and (1)n+1 respectively. (Degree of identity constant reflection and antipodal sphere maps)

[F3]

For every dZ and n1 there exists a continuous self-map of Sn of degree d. (Every integer occurs as the degree of a sphere map)

Counterexample

1.1

Choose two disjoint closed round n-balls D+,D in Sn, each with nonempty interior. Collapse the complement of their interiors to a point. As in the pinch construction of [F3], this gives a continuous quotient to (D+/D+)(D/D)SnSn. On the first quotient use an orientation-preserving homeomorphism to the target sphere, taking the collapsed boundary to a chosen basepoint b. On the second use an orientation-reversing homeomorphism with the same basepoint image; obtain it by composing an orientation-preserving one with a reflection fixing b. Such a reflection has degree 1 by [F2].

F2F3construct
2.1

The two maps agree at the wedge point, so they descend to a continuous map f:SnSn. Each ball quotient already covers the target, so f is surjective and nonconstant. A point yb has precisely two preimages, one in each ball interior. With the inherited local orientations their local degrees are +1 and 1: restriction of each oriented quotient homeomorphism to its interior preserves the local generator, and the inserted reflection reverses it. Thus [F1] gives degf=11=0. This refutes constancy, without making any assertion that a degree-zero map cannot be nullhomotopic.

F1step 1.1algebra

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