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A point-mass Gaussian prior excluding the truth prevents contraction
Statement refuted
Assume AC and Countable Choice. In every positive-noise Gaussian sequence inverse experiment, every proper centered Gaussian prior on yields posterior contraction at some rate about every truth , including truths for which the prior gives zero mass to every ball of radius less than centered at .
Statement references
Facts & Assumptions
Given: AC and Countable Choice; the positive-noise sequence inverse experiment; its standard basis vector ; and the posterior contraction definition.
AC and Countable Choice are assumed by the Gaussian sequence model and its product-law theorem. The Axiom of Choice, The Axiom of Countable Choice ()
The data coordinates are with positive and independent standard-normal noise. Gaussian sequence inverse model
The conjugate contraction theorem assumes and ; its conclusion is not stated for every Gaussian prior without those hypotheses. Exact posterior second moment and contraction bound for a Gaussian sequence inverse problem
The law is the point mass . Standard normal and normal laws
A nondegenerate finite-dimensional Gaussian with covariance has density proportional to . A positive-definite multivariate normal law has its Gaussian density
Finite measures agreeing on a generating cylinder -system and on the whole space agree on the generated product Borel sigma-algebra. Finite measures agreeing on a generating pi-system and on the whole space are equal
The real exponential is strictly positive. The exponential is positive and satisfies
The posterior contraction condition requires the expected posterior mass outside every diverging multiple of a rate to tend to zero under the fixed-truth data law. Posterior contraction rate in a Gaussian sequence inverse experiment
Counterexample
Given: Let the prior be on , let the truth be , and let and .
The prior is a proper centered Gaussian law. Under its prior-predictive joint law, almost surely, so for every Borel and product-Borel , . Thus the constant kernel is a posterior version. The prior assigns zero mass to every ball centered at of radius less than .
Under the fixed truth , only the first data coordinate shifts. Relative to the prior-predictive data law, the one-coordinate normal density ratio is , and it integrates to under the prior-predictive first-coordinate law. It is positive and finite for every by [F4]–[F6]. All remaining coordinates have identical independent laws. The two full product-Borel data laws therefore agree as finite measures on the generating cylinder -system after weighting by ; [F5] extends the identity to all data events. Since , the laws are equivalent, so the posterior version remains the same almost surely under the truth law.
For any candidate rate , take for sufficiently small . Then and eventually. The posterior is concentrated at , whose distance from is , so its mass outside the radius- ball is exactly under the truth law. This violates [F7] and refutes the Statement. The example lies outside the positive-coordinate-variance hypotheses in [F2].
Depends on
- Gaussian sequence inverse model
- Posterior contraction rate in a Gaussian sequence inverse experiment
- Exact posterior second moment and contraction bound for a Gaussian sequence inverse problem
- The Axiom of Choice
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
- Standard normal and normal laws
- A positive-definite multivariate normal law has its Gaussian density
- Finite measures agreeing on a generating pi-system and on the whole space are equal
- The exponential is positive and satisfies $\exp(-x)=1/\exp(x)$
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