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The semistable locus depends on the linearization, not only on the sheaf

Statement refuted

The assertion "for a fixed projective action of a reductive group G on a projective variety X and a fixed ample invertible sheaf L, the semistable locus Xss(L) depends only on X, G and the isomorphism class of L" is false.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: AC inherited from the Proj construction (The Axiom of Choice); the one-point projective variety X=P0=Proj⁡C[t], the group G=Gm=C× acting trivially on X, the invertible sheaf L=OX (which is trivial and ample because X is affine), the trivial linearization L0 of L, and the linearization Lχ obtained from L0 by the twist by the identity character χ:G→C×, χ(t)=t (G-linearizations of invertible sheaves on a complex G-variety).

[F1]

The variety and its sections. X=Proj⁡C[t] is a single point p; OX is the trivial invertible sheaf, so Γ(X,L⊗n)=C for every n≥0 and the global section 1 is nowhere vanishing (Points of Proj of a graded ring, projective variety classical). The trivial sheaf on a one-point scheme is ample: the nonvanishing locus of the constant section 1 is the affine scheme X itself (Absolute ampleness by affine section opens).

[F2]

Linearizations on the point. The total space of OX is the one-dimensional vector space C, and a linearization of OX for the trivial action on X is precisely an algebraic group homomorphism χ:G→C× together with the action t⋅z=χ(t)z on the fibre; the trivial linearization is χ=1, and the twist of a linearization by a character multiplies the fibre action by that character (G-linearizations of invertible sheaves on a complex G-variety).

[F3]

Semistable and stable points. A point x is semistable for a linearized ample sheaf if some invariant section of a positive tensor power does not vanish at x, and it is stable if in addition its orbit is closed in the semistable locus and its stabilizer is finite; the quotient is Proj⁡ of the invariant section ring (Semistable and stable points for a linearization, The invariant section ring and the projective GIT quotient).

[F4]

Proj of the invariant rings. Proj⁡C[t]=X is the one-point scheme: D+(t) is its whole space and has chart ring C[t,t−1]0=C (Standard opens are affine), while Proj⁡C=∅ because the ring C concentrated in degree zero has S+=0 contained in every homogeneous prime (Points of Proj of a graded ring). The stabilizer of p is G itself, which is not finite and has dimension 1>0 (Global and local dimension of classical varieties).

Counterexample

1.1F1F2F3F4given

The trivial linearization. Let L0 be the trivial linearization of L=OX, so that G acts trivially on the total space C. Then every global section of every L0⊗n is invariant and equal to a constant, and the section 1∈Γ(X,OX) is nonzero at p; hence p is semistable and Xss(L0)=X. The stabilizer Gp=G is not finite, so p is not stable and Xs(L0)=∅. The invariant section ring is R(X,L0)G=C[t], so X/ ⁣/L0G=Proj⁡C[t]=X.

1.2F1F2F3F4given

The twisted linearization. Let Lχ be the twist of L0 by the character χ(t)=t. By [F2] the induced action on the one-dimensional space Γ(X,L⊗n)=C is multiplication by χn, so a nonzero invariant section of Lχ⊗n would require χn=1, which fails for every n≥1 since χ(2)n=2n≠1. Hence there is no nonzero invariant section of positive degree, Xss(Lχ)=∅, and the invariant section ring is C in degree zero, so X/ ⁣/LχG=Proj⁡C=∅.

2.1step 1.1step 1.2F3∎

Conclusion. The two linearizations L0 and Lχ have the same underlying ample invertible sheaf OX up to isomorphism, the same group G and the same projective action on the same variety X, yet they give the nonempty semistable locus X and the empty semistable locus ∅, and the one-point quotient X and the empty quotient ∅; in particular at least one of the two linearizations is not the other (their invariant rings and quotient loci differ). So semistability depends on the linearization and not only on the isomorphism class of the sheaf, and the assertion displayed in the Statement refuted is false.

Remarks

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