Alphabeta Math
CounterexampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-12
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The integral Kronecker map need not be an isomorphism

Statement refuted

For every space X and every n0, integral Kronecker evaluation Hn(X;Z)Hom(Hn(X;Z),Z) is an isomorphism.

Facts & Assumptions

[F1]

Real projective space cellular homology and the pinch map gives H1(RP2;Z)=Z/2 and H2(RP2;Z)=0.

[F2]

Topological universal coefficient short exact sequence for cohomology gives an injective Ext map with image the kernel of evaluation. Assume The Axiom of Choice.

[F3]

Ext via a projective resolution of the first variable computes Ext as Hom cohomology; Singular UCT extension from cycle projections identifies the resulting length-one presentation cokernels canonically and gives the injection [ψ][ψd].

Counterexample

Given: X=RP2, n=2, coefficients Z, and AC.

1.1

By [F1], the right term of [F2] is Hom(0,Z)=0 and its left term is Ext1(Z/2,Z). The latter is computed from the exact free resolution 0Z2ZZ/20. Hom into Z gives multiplication by two from degree zero to degree one, with zero next differential. Thus its first cohomology is Z/2. The homomorphism ψ:ZZ, ψ(1)=1, represents its nonzero class: it cannot be a boundary, since precomposition by multiplication by two always has even value at 1.

F1F2F3given
2.1

Transport that presentation class by the canonical comparison of [F3] to an element e of the Ext term in [F2], and put α=ιe. Injectivity of ι gives α0. Exactness gives βα=0, and since the entire right term is zero, ι is also onto. Consequently H2(X;Z)Z/2 and evaluation is the zero map from this nonzero group. This explicit nonzero presentation class and its injective image witness failure of injectivity, and hence of being an isomorphism.

F2F3step 1.1
3.1

Equivalently every integral singular two-cycle is a boundary because H2=0. Any degree-two cocycle vanishes on each such cycle by its cocycle equation, including a representative of α. Therefore all pairings with α vanish even though its cohomology class is nonzero. Also 2α=0, while the generator value one in the presentation is nonzero modulo two. The space is nonempty and finite dimensional; failure is neither a negative-degree convention nor an infinite-rank phenomenon. AC is inherited from [F2] and its comparison supplier, not from the explicit two-term integer calculation.

F1F2F3step 1.1step 2.1

Depends on

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Sources