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Lyapunov central limit theorem
Statement
Assume AC. Let a centered row-wise independent triangular array have finite second moments and . If for some its moments are finite and then .
Facts & Assumptions
The unnormalized tail expression defines Lindeberg. Total row variance and the Lindeberg condition.
Under AC Lindeberg implies a standard-normal limit for the normalized row sums. Lindeberg-Feller central limit theorem: sufficiency.
Pointwise bounds pass to nonnegative expectations. Monotonicity and nonnegative homogeneity of the nonnegative integral.
Positive real powers obey product and exponent laws. The exponent, product, quotient, and iterated-power laws for positive real bases and real exponents.
For positive a, a^r=exp(r log a); zero to a positive power is zero. Real powers for positive bases, with the zero-base positive-exponent convention.
Proof
Given: Assume AC. Let a centered row-wise independent triangular array have finite second moments and . If for some its moments are finite and then .
Fix . On , monotonicity of the positive real power gives . Multiplying by gives there. Off that event the truncated square is zero and the right side is nonnegative, including X=0. [F3] therefore bounds . The exponent simplification uses [F4]. For positive delta, monotonicity of log and exp in the defining formula [F5] gives the asserted power monotonicity.
The right side tends to zero for this fixed positive epsilon, so Lindeberg holds for every epsilon. All hypotheses of [F2] are now satisfied: finite second moments, centered independent rows and positive total standard deviations were given. Apply it to obtain the stated limit. The positive delta is fixed across all rows; delta=0 is excluded because the displayed normalized second-moment sum would be one. AC is inherited from [F2].
Depends on
- Total row variance and the Lindeberg condition
- Lindeberg-Feller central limit theorem: sufficiency
- Monotonicity and nonnegative homogeneity of the nonnegative integral
- Expectation of a nonnegative or integrable random variable
- The Axiom of Choice
- The exponent, product, quotient, and iterated-power laws for positive real bases and real exponents
- Real powers for positive bases, with the zero-base positive-exponent convention
- Order, continuity, range, and the product, quotient, and reciprocal laws for the natural logarithm
- The exponential function is strictly increasing
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- Durrett, Probability: Theory and Examples, Exercise 3.4.12 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Aldous and Chewi, Probability Theory notes, Corollary 6.2 (standard reference, not scraped)