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CorollaryStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedaudited 2026-09-13
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Lyapunov central limit theorem

Statement

Assume AC. Let a centered row-wise independent triangular array have finite second moments and sn>0. If for some δ>0 its (2+δ) moments are finite and sn(2+δ)kEXn,k2+δ0, then sn1kXn,kN(0,1).

Facts & Assumptions

[F1]

The unnormalized tail expression defines Lindeberg. Total row variance and the Lindeberg condition.

[F2]

Under AC Lindeberg implies a standard-normal limit for the normalized row sums. Lindeberg-Feller central limit theorem: sufficiency.

[F3]

Pointwise bounds pass to nonnegative expectations. Monotonicity and nonnegative homogeneity of the nonnegative integral.

[F5]

For positive a, a^r=exp(r log a); zero to a positive power is zero. Real powers for positive bases, with the zero-base positive-exponent convention.

Proof

Given: Assume AC. Let a centered row-wise independent triangular array have finite second moments and sn>0. If for some δ>0 its (2+δ) moments are finite and sn(2+δ)kEXn,k2+δ0, then sn1kXn,kN(0,1).

1.1

Fix ε>0. On Xn,k>εsn>0, monotonicity of the positive real power gives Xn,kδ>(εsn)δ. Multiplying by Xn,k2/(εsn)δ gives Xn,k2Xn,k2+δ/(εsn)δ there. Off that event the truncated square is zero and the right side is nonnegative, including X=0. [F3] therefore bounds Ln(ε)εδsn(2+δ)kEXn,k2+δ. The exponent simplification uses [F4]. For positive delta, monotonicity of log and exp in the defining formula [F5] gives the asserted power monotonicity.

F1F3F4F5
2.1

The right side tends to zero for this fixed positive epsilon, so Lindeberg holds for every epsilon. All hypotheses of [F2] are now satisfied: finite second moments, centered independent rows and positive total standard deviations were given. Apply it to obtain the stated limit. The positive delta is fixed across all rows; delta=0 is excluded because the displayed normalized second-moment sum would be one. AC is inherited from [F2].

step 1.1F2

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