Alphabeta Math
ExampleConstruction: AI-adaptedVerification: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-22
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  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
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A regular level set in a Banach space

Example

Assume the Axiom of Choice (The Axiom of Choice). Let K and Y be real Banach spaces (Banach space) and let X=K⊕Y be their topological direct sum, with bounded coordinate projections (A complemented closed subspace of a normed space), where the direct sum is second countable (Second countability: an at most countable basis for the topology) — for instance this holds whenever K and Y are second countable, since the direct sum is a finite product (Assuming countable choice, a countable product of second countable spaces is second countable). Equip X and Y with their standard maximal C∞ atlases, namely the maximal atlases containing their global identity charts. Then X and Y are C∞ Banach manifolds in the sense of Countable base Banach manifold and smooth map, and the projection p:X→Y, p(k+y):=y, has every y∈Y as a regular value in the sense of the regular value theorem (Regular value theorem for Banach manifolds): p is smooth — a bounded linear map equals its own derivative everywhere — and at every point of p−1(y) its derivative is onto with complemented kernel. Each level set p−1(y) is the affine split submanifold

p−1(y)=K+y={ k+y:k∈K }

of X, and its tangent space at every point is K.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Real Banach spaces K,Y with second countable topological direct sum X=K⊕Y with bounded projections; the standard maximal smooth atlases on X and Y; and a point y∈Y.

[L1]

In a topological direct sum X=K⊕Y every x has a unique decomposition x=k+y with k∈K, y∈Y, and the coordinate maps p(x)=y, q(x)=k are bounded linear operators; p is the projection onto Y along K (A complemented closed subspace of a normed space).

[L2]

A bounded linear operator T is differentiable everywhere with DT(x)=T, and the regular value theorem applies to a smooth map whose derivative at every point of a level set is onto with complemented kernel when the domain carries the stated maximal atlas (Fréchet derivative between Banach spaces, Regular value theorem for Banach manifolds).

Verification

technique · direct
1.1L1L2

By [L1] the projection p is bounded linear, so Dp(x)=p for every x by [L2]; it is surjective because p(k+y)=y for every y, and its kernel is ker⁡p={k+0:k∈K}=K (Linear subspace of a vector space), which is complemented in X by the given direct sum.

2.1step 1.1L1

For every y∈Y one has p(k+y)=y for all k∈K, and conversely p(x)=y forces x=(x−y)+y with x−y∈ker⁡p=K; hence p−1(y)=K+y, a translate of the subspace K.

3.1step 1.1step 2.1L2

Since [step 1.1] verifies the hypotheses of the regular value theorem at every point of every level set, that theorem gives that each p−1(y) is a split smooth submanifold of X with Txp−1(y)=ker⁡Dp(x)=K for all x∈p−1(y); by [step 2.1] this submanifold is the affine set K+y.

4.1step 3.1∎

Every y∈Y is therefore a regular value with the stated affine fibre and tangent space, which is the example's claim.

Depends on

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Sources