Alphabeta Math
ExampleConstruction: AI-adaptedVerification: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-22
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

A regular level set in a Banach space

Example

Assume the Axiom of Choice (The Axiom of Choice). Let K and Y be real Banach spaces (Banach space) and let X=KY be their topological direct sum, with bounded coordinate projections (A complemented closed subspace of a normed space), where the direct sum is second countable (Second countability: an at most countable basis for the topology) — for instance this holds whenever K and Y are second countable, since the direct sum is a finite product (Assuming countable choice, a countable product of second countable spaces is second countable). Equip X and Y with their standard maximal C atlases, namely the maximal atlases containing their global identity charts. Then X and Y are C Banach manifolds in the sense of Countable base Banach manifold and smooth map, and the projection p:XY, p(k+y):=y, has every yY as a regular value in the sense of the regular value theorem (Regular value theorem for Banach manifolds): p is smooth — a bounded linear map equals its own derivative everywhere — and at every point of p1(y) its derivative is onto with complemented kernel. Each level set p1(y) is the affine split submanifold

p1(y)=K+y={k+y:kK}

of X, and its tangent space at every point is K.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Real Banach spaces K,Y with second countable topological direct sum X=KY with bounded projections; the standard maximal smooth atlases on X and Y; and a point yY.

[L1]

In a topological direct sum X=KY every x has a unique decomposition x=k+y with kK, yY, and the coordinate maps p(x)=y, q(x)=k are bounded linear operators; p is the projection onto Y along K (A complemented closed subspace of a normed space).

[L2]

A bounded linear operator T is differentiable everywhere with DT(x)=T, and the regular value theorem applies to a smooth map whose derivative at every point of a level set is onto with complemented kernel when the domain carries the stated maximal atlas (Fréchet derivative between Banach spaces, Regular value theorem for Banach manifolds).

Verification

technique · direct
1.1

By [L1] the projection p is bounded linear, so Dp(x)=p for every x by [L2]; it is surjective because p(k+y)=y for every y, and its kernel is kerp={k+0:kK}=K (Linear subspace of a vector space), which is complemented in X by the given direct sum.

L1L2
2.1

For every yY one has p(k+y)=y for all kK, and conversely p(x)=y forces x=(xy)+y with xykerp=K; hence p1(y)=K+y, a translate of the subspace K.

step 1.1L1
3.1

Since [step 1.1] verifies the hypotheses of the regular value theorem at every point of every level set, that theorem gives that each p1(y) is a split smooth submanifold of X with Txp1(y)=kerDp(x)=K for all xp1(y); by [step 2.1] this submanifold is the affine set K+y.

step 1.1step 2.1L2
4.1

Every yY is therefore a regular value with the stated affine fibre and tangent space, which is the example's claim.

step 3.1

Depends on

Used by

Nothing in the library uses this result yet.

Dependency tree · two levels

41 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources