How statement and proof provenance work
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The coordinate axes form a reduced crossing
Example
In with coordinates , the zero set
is a reduced plane curve germ at the origin whose two irreducible components are the coordinate axes. Both axes are smooth, they meet only at the crossing , and is the only singular point of near . No holomorphic map of a connected disc whose image lies in can have image germ all of ; in particular no single injective branch parametrisation covers both components, so the one-disc parametrisation results for irreducible germs do not extend to reducible ones. Each branch separately is parametrised by and .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The equation germ and its zero germ .
A hypersurface germ at is a nonempty proper set germ for a nonzero nonunit ; its reduced defining germ is the square-free reduction , which satisfies and is determined up to a unit, and the vanishing ideal of a reduced germ is (Complex-analytic hypersurface germ and its reduced equation, Square-free reduction of a holomorphic equation, The vanishing ideal of a reduced hypersurface germ is principal).
A nonzero nonunit germ is reduced when no irreducible germ divides it twice; a germ is irreducible when it is not a product of two nonunits; an irreducible germ is reduced, since a relation would exhibit as a product of two nonunits (Reduced holomorphic germ for a hypersurface, Irreducible and prime elements of an integral domain).
Units are exactly the germs not vanishing at the base point, and a product of nonunits lies in the maximal ideal; the maximal ideal consists of the germs with zero value at , and a germ with nonzero linear part lies outside (A germ is a unit exactly when its value at is nonzero, so is local, The ring of holomorphic germs at and its maximal ideal).
If a reduced germ factors as with a unit and the pairwise nonassociate irreducibles, then and the germs are exactly the irreducible components of : they are pairwise distinct and pairwise incomparable, and every irreducible hypersurface subgerm of is one of them (Finite unique irreducible components of a hypersurface germ, Irreducible hypersurface germs and their components).
A point of a reduced hypersurface germ is regular exactly when the differential of the local reduced equation does not vanish at , equivalently exactly when is a holomorphic hypersurface graph near (Regular and singular points of an analytic hypersurface).
If is a nonempty connected open set and is holomorphic on with on a nonempty open subset of , then on ; for this applies to a disc (A holomorphic function vanishing on a nonempty open subset of a domain vanishes identically). Consequently, if are holomorphic on such a and , then or : if both were nonzero, then and would be closed subsets of with empty interior, and the nonempty open set would be contained in , forcing by the identity theorem.
Proof technique: direct — identify the two prime factors, use the graph criterion for regularity, and rule out a disc map onto both branches with the identity theorem.
Verification
The germs and are irreducible. Neither lies in , because both have nonzero linear part; if with nonunits, then by [F3] and hence , a contradiction. So is not a product of two nonunits, and the same argument applies to . The two germs are not associates: with a unit would give for every small , contradicting for . Hence is a product of two pairwise nonassociate irreducibles, each occurring once, so is reduced and its reduced defining germ is itself, with by [F1].
Let be a connected open set containing the origin and let be holomorphic with , that is, for every . By [F6] applied to the connected domain , one of the two coordinate functions vanishes identically, so the image of is contained in a single axis: either or .
By [F4] applied to the factorisation of step 1.1, , and the two branches and are exactly the irreducible components of ; they are distinct as set germs and neither contains the other.
Every point of is regular: is the graph of the zero function over the -coordinate near each of its points, hence a holomorphic hypersurface graph near every such point, so [F5] gives regularity. The same argument exhibits as the graph of the zero function over the -coordinate, so every point of is regular as well.
The origin is a singular point: by step 1.1 the reduced defining germ of is , and vanishes at . So is not regular by [F5]. Since , every point of other than the origin lies on exactly one of the two branches and is regular by step 3.1; hence the origin is the only singular point of in a neighbourhood of , and it is exactly the crossing of the two branches.
Suppose first that . The set germ of the image of at the origin is then contained in , which is a proper subgerm of : for every small the point belongs to but not to . Hence the image of cannot contain a full representative of , so its image germ is not ; the case is the same with the roles of and exchanged. Therefore no holomorphic map of a connected disc has image germ , injective or not, and in particular no single injective branch parametrisation covers both components. The individual branches are parametrised by the injective holomorphic maps and , whose images are full representatives of and respectively.
Depends on
- Complex-analytic hypersurface germ and its reduced equation
- The ring of holomorphic germs at $0$ and its maximal ideal
- Irreducible and prime elements of an integral domain
- Irreducible hypersurface germs and their components
- Reduced holomorphic germ for a hypersurface
- Regular and singular points of an analytic hypersurface
- Square-free reduction of a holomorphic equation
- The vanishing ideal of a reduced hypersurface germ is principal
- A germ is a unit exactly when its value at $0$ is nonzero, so $\mathcal O_{m,0}$ is local
- A holomorphic function vanishing on a nonempty open subset of a domain vanishes identically
- Finite unique irreducible components of a hypersurface germ
Used by
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Sources
- Jiří Lebl, Tasty Bits of Several Complex Variables, Chapter 6 §§6.1–6.7 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Jean-Pierre Demailly, Complex Analytic and Differential Geometry, Chapter II §§2, 4 and 6 (standard reference, not scraped)