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The simple module over dual numbers is not perfect

Example

Assume AC for the published balanced-Tor comparison. Let k be a field, A=k[ε]/(ε2) and S=A/(ε)≅k. The periodic free resolution

⋯→A→ ε A→ ε A→ π S→0

where π(a+bε)=a under S≅k, has kernel and image equal to (ε) at every positive stage. Therefore Tor⁡iA(S,S)≅k for every i≥0, and S[0] is not a perfect object of D(A-Mod), although it is bounded with finite-dimensional cohomology.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The Axiom of Choice; a field k; the ring A=k[ε]/(ε2); the module S=A/(ε)≅k; and the displayed augmented sequence of copies of A, read with A on the left for the resolution and with S as a right A-module for the tensor computation.

[F1]

An object of D(A-Mod) is perfect when it is isomorphic there to a bounded cochain complex of finitely generated projective left A-modules, and a bounded complex of arbitrary modules is not thereby perfect (Perfect complexes over a ring and its graded version).

[F3]

AC selects from every family of nonempty sets, and AC implies DC (The Axiom of Choice, AC implies DC implies countable choice).

[F4]

For a specified projective resolution P∙→M of the left module M, the left-resolution construction is Tor⁡nA,P(N,M)=Hn(N⊗AP∙) (Tor from a projective resolution of the left module).

[F5]

Under DC, balanced Tor is defined from supplied projective resolutions and is independent of the supplied resolution up to a canonical identification (The balanced Tor bifunctor).

[F6]

The bounded-above derived tensor is a bifunctor on the derived categories, represented by Tot⁡(N⊗RPM) for a supplied projective replacement PM→M (equivalently by Tot⁡(PN⊗RM)), and independent of the supplied replacements up to the canonical comparison quasi-isomorphisms (Derived tensor product in the bounded above setting, Bounded above flat tensor complexes preserve quasi isomorphisms).

[F7]

Under DC, with supplied projective resolutions, H−n(N[0]⊗RLM[0])≅Tor⁡nR(N,M) naturally in both variables (Homology of the derived tensor product is tor).

[F8]

The tensor total complex of a complex with a single nonzero row has that row as its underlying graded object, with the Koszul sign absorbed into the differential (The tensor product of a right and a left chain complex is totalized by direct sums with the Koszul differential).

[F9]

The canonical functor D−(A)→D(A) is fully faithful; thus an isomorphism in D(A) between bounded-above complexes lifts to an isomorphism in D−(A) (Bounded derived localizations embed fully faithfully).

Verification

technique · direct
1.1constructalgebra

For a+bε∈A one has ε(a+bε)=aε, so multiplication by ε has ker⁡(ε⋅)=(ε)=im⁡(ε⋅): the kernel consists exactly of the multiples of ε, and it equals the image. The quotient augmentation π:A→S is surjective with kernel (ε), equal to the image of the differential into the degree-zero copy of A. Thus the sequence is exact at every copy of A and at S, and is a free resolution Q∙→S with every term A finitely generated free.

2.1F3F4F5F7step 1.1algebra

Since A is commutative, the resolution of step 1.1 supplies both a left and a right projective resolution of S. Applying S⊗A(−) to its unaugmented complex Q∙ gives a complex with S⊗AA≅S in every nonnegative degree and induced differentials equal to multiplication by ε on S, which is zero because εS=0; hence its homology is S≅k in every degree i≥0. By [F4] the specified-resolution Tor is Tor⁡iA,Q(S,S)≅k for every i≥0; under the DC supplied by AC [F3], the balanced bifunctor [F5] identifies this with Tor⁡iA(S,S)≅k, and [F7] then gives H−n(S[0]⊗ALS[0])≅Tor⁡nA(S,S)≅k for every n≥0, in particular H−n≠0 for all n≥0.

3.1F1F6F8F9step 2.1contradictionalgebra∎

Suppose S[0] were perfect; then [F1] supplies a bounded cochain complex P of finitely generated projective left A-modules together with an isomorphism P≅S[0] in D(A-Mod). Both P and S[0] are bounded above, so [F9] lifts this isomorphism to D−(A-Mod). Since the bounded-above derived tensor is a bifunctor in its second variable [F6], the lifted isomorphism gives S[0]⊗ALS[0]≅S[0]⊗ALP. The identity P→idP is a quasi-isomorphism from a bounded-above complex of projective modules, so it is a supplied projective replacement as required by [F6]. Thus S[0]⊗ALP is represented by Tot⁡(S[0]⊗AP), which by [F8] is the bounded complex S⊗AP: its differential is 1⊗dP since the first factor is in degree zero, and it vanishes outside the finite support of P. Therefore H−n(S[0]⊗ALS[0])≅H−n(S⊗AP)=0 for all sufficiently large n, contradicting step 2.1, which gives the nonzero k in every degree n≥0. Hence S[0] is not perfect, and since it is a complex concentrated in degree 0 with H0(S[0])=S≅k finite dimensional over k and all other cohomology zero, this failure of perfectness is not detected by boundedness or by finite-dimensional cohomology.

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