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A conjugate antipode breaks global Bolker injectivity

Example

Let X=G=S2 be the unit round sphere with its standard real-analytic structure, and give Z the density induced by the product round metric. Let

Z={(n,x)∈S2×S2:n⋅x=0},

so n∈G labels the oriented great circle Cn={x∈X:n⋅x=0}. The transform uses the analytic density induced on Z and the constant analytic weight 1. Then G←Z→X is an analytic double fibration, and the geodesic from x to its antipode −x along Cn has conjugate endpoints. Moreover, for every (n,x)∈Z, the nonzero data covector x♭∈Tn∗G is paired by the canonical relation with both (x,−n♭) and (−x,n♭). Thus the left projection of the canonical relation is not injective, so the Bolker condition fails globally.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The unit round sphere, the incidence hypersurface Z, and the round arclength density on its great-circle fibers.

[F1]

Analytic double-fibration transform and canonical relation: both incidence projections must be analytic submersions, and the required support condition is properness over compact object sets.

[F2]

Bolker condition for a double-fibration transform: Bolker requires the left cotangent projection to be globally injective.

[F3]

Incidence-coordinate conormal kernel and canonical relation: for a defining function F, the conormal bundle is generated by dF and the relation uses (η,−ξ).

[F4]

Riemannian metric and riemannian manifold: the unit round metric identifies tangent vectors and cotangent vectors by v↦v♭.

[F5]

A Euclidean sphere is a regular level set with tangent hyperplanes: TxS2=x⊥ for every x∈S2.

[F6]

Real analytic inverse and implicit functions: a regular zero of a real-analytic scalar function is locally an analytic graph.

[F7]

Geodesic variation: a smooth family whose parameter curves are affinely parametrized geodesics is a geodesic variation.

[F8]

Jacobi field: a Jacobi field satisfies Dt2J+R(J,γ˙)γ˙=0.

[F9]

Conjugate points along a geodesic and their multiplicity: endpoints are conjugate when a nonzero Jacobi field vanishes at both ends.

[F10]

Great circles as round-sphere geodesics: constant-speed great-circle parametrizations are geodesics of the round sphere.

[F11]

Variation field of a geodesic variation is a Jacobi field: the variation field of a smooth geodesic variation is Jacobi; this implication uses no choice axiom.

Proof

Given: The incidence Z and its round geometry.

1.1F5F6givenalgebra

Put F(n,x)=n⋅x on S2×S2. At a point with F=0, the vector x lies in TnS2 by [F5], and the tangent variation (n˙,x˙)=(x,0) satisfies dF(n˙,x˙)=x⋅x=1. Thus dF≠0; [F6] makes Z=F−1(0) an analytic hypersurface of dimension 3 in the 4-dimensional product.

2.1F1F5step 1.1algebrachoose

A tangent vector to Z satisfies x⋅n˙+n⋅x˙=0. Given any n˙∈TnS2, set x˙=−(x⋅n˙)n; then x˙∈TxS2 by [F5], and the tangent equation holds. Hence πG is a submersion. Given any x˙∈TxS2, set n˙=−(n⋅x˙)x; the same calculation proves πX is a submersion. Both maps are analytic restrictions of product projections. Since Z is compact, πG is proper on πX−1(K) for every compact K⊂X. The density induced by the positive-definite analytic product round metric has strictly positive analytic coefficient in every local incidence chart. The dimensions satisfy 4>3>2≥2, so [F1] applies.

2.2F2F3step 1.1algebra

The defining differential on tangent vectors to the product is dF=(x♭,n♭) by the metric identification [F4]. Therefore by [F3] the relation at (n,x) consists of (n,η;x,ξ)=(n,τx♭;x,−τn♭),τ≠0. At the antipodal point −x, choose multiplier −τ. Its data covector is (−τ)(−x)♭=τx♭, the same as at x, while the object point changes from x to −x. Both are nonzero relation points. Hence the left projection is not injective, and [F2] implies failure of global Bolker.

3.1F7F8F9F10F11givenalgebra∎

Let v=n×x, a unit tangent vector at x. For s near zero put ns=cos⁡(s)n+sin⁡(s)v, vs=ns×x, and γs(t)=cos⁡(t)x+sin⁡(t)vs,0≤t≤π. Each ns is a unit vector orthogonal to x, and vs is a unit vector orthogonal to x; hence γs parametrizes a great circle at unit speed and is a geodesic by [F10]. Thus [F7] makes this a geodesic variation. Its endpoints are fixed: γs(0)=x and γs(π)=−x. Differentiating in s at zero gives J(t)=∂sγs(t)∣s=0=sin⁡(t)(v×x)=−sin⁡(t)n, because (n×x)×x=−n when n⋅x=0 and ∣x∣=1. By [F11] this field is Jacobi and hence satisfies the Jacobi equation in [F8]. It is nonzero for 0<t<π and vanishes at both endpoints, so [F9] makes the endpoints conjugate. The proof uses no choice axiom; the sphere has no boundary, so this example lies outside the simple-surface hypotheses.

Geometric diagram

The great circle is drawn as a circle in its plane, with n normal to the plane and x,−x antipodal. At n, the data covector is represented by the same tangent vector x for both relation points; the object covectors at the antipodes are opposite. The calculation in step 2.1, rather than the schematic, establishes noninjectivity.

x¡xn´=x[»=¡n[»0=n[Cn

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