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A conjugate antipode breaks global Bolker injectivity
Example
Let be the unit round sphere with its standard real-analytic structure, and give the density induced by the product round metric. Let
so labels the oriented great circle . The transform uses the analytic density induced on and the constant analytic weight . Then is an analytic double fibration, and the geodesic from to its antipode along has conjugate endpoints. Moreover, for every , the nonzero data covector is paired by the canonical relation with both and . Thus the left projection of the canonical relation is not injective, so the Bolker condition fails globally.
Example references
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The unit round sphere, the incidence hypersurface , and the round arclength density on its great-circle fibers.
Analytic double-fibration transform and canonical relation: both incidence projections must be analytic submersions, and the required support condition is properness over compact object sets.
Bolker condition for a double-fibration transform: Bolker requires the left cotangent projection to be globally injective.
Incidence-coordinate conormal kernel and canonical relation: for a defining function , the conormal bundle is generated by and the relation uses .
Riemannian metric and riemannian manifold: the unit round metric identifies tangent vectors and cotangent vectors by .
Real analytic inverse and implicit functions: a regular zero of a real-analytic scalar function is locally an analytic graph.
Geodesic variation: a smooth family whose parameter curves are affinely parametrized geodesics is a geodesic variation.
Jacobi field: a Jacobi field satisfies .
Conjugate points along a geodesic and their multiplicity: endpoints are conjugate when a nonzero Jacobi field vanishes at both ends.
Great circles as round-sphere geodesics: constant-speed great-circle parametrizations are geodesics of the round sphere.
Variation field of a geodesic variation is a Jacobi field: the variation field of a smooth geodesic variation is Jacobi; this implication uses no choice axiom.
Proof
Given: The incidence and its round geometry.
Put on . At a point with , the vector lies in by [F5], and the tangent variation satisfies . Thus ; [F6] makes an analytic hypersurface of dimension in the -dimensional product.
A tangent vector to satisfies . Given any , set ; then by [F5], and the tangent equation holds. Hence is a submersion. Given any , set ; the same calculation proves is a submersion. Both maps are analytic restrictions of product projections. Since is compact, is proper on for every compact . The density induced by the positive-definite analytic product round metric has strictly positive analytic coefficient in every local incidence chart. The dimensions satisfy , so [F1] applies.
The defining differential on tangent vectors to the product is by the metric identification [F4]. Therefore by [F3] the relation at consists of At the antipodal point , choose multiplier . Its data covector is , the same as at , while the object point changes from to . Both are nonzero relation points. Hence the left projection is not injective, and [F2] implies failure of global Bolker.
Let , a unit tangent vector at . For near zero put , , and Each is a unit vector orthogonal to , and is a unit vector orthogonal to ; hence parametrizes a great circle at unit speed and is a geodesic by [F10]. Thus [F7] makes this a geodesic variation. Its endpoints are fixed: and . Differentiating in at zero gives because when and . By [F11] this field is Jacobi and hence satisfies the Jacobi equation in [F8]. It is nonzero for and vanishes at both endpoints, so [F9] makes the endpoints conjugate. The proof uses no choice axiom; the sphere has no boundary, so this example lies outside the simple-surface hypotheses.
Geometric diagram
The great circle is drawn as a circle in its plane, with normal to the plane and antipodal. At , the data covector is represented by the same tangent vector for both relation points; the object covectors at the antipodes are opposite. The calculation in step 2.1, rather than the schematic, establishes noninjectivity.
Depends on
- Analytic double-fibration transform and canonical relation
- Bolker condition for a double-fibration transform
- Incidence-coordinate conormal kernel and canonical relation
- Global fiber and local differential criteria for Bolker
- Riemannian metric and riemannian manifold
- A Euclidean sphere is a regular level set with tangent hyperplanes
- Real analytic inverse and implicit functions
- Geodesic variation
- Jacobi field
- Conjugate points along a geodesic and their multiplicity
- Great circles as round-sphere geodesics
- Variation field of a geodesic variation is a Jacobi field
Used by
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Sources
- Marco Mazzucchelli, Mikko Salo, and Leo Tzou, A general support theorem for analytic double fibration transforms (standard reference, not scraped)
- John M. Lee, Riemannian Manifolds: An Introduction to Curvature (standard reference, not scraped)