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A stable two-point potential gives a Lipschitz posterior
Example
Let , , and let be the atomic Borel probability on given by for Borel . For each fixed datum , use the finite potential . Its evidence and posterior mass at are For every , this potential satisfies the weighted envelope and data-Lipschitz assumptions of the Hellinger data-stability theorem; hence some satisfies for all . These are pointwise fixed-data updates; no observation law or conditional-law version is asserted.
Example references
A prior is a Borel probability with full mass on its declared forward domain.
The Borel sigma-algebra is generated by the open sets.
A norm induces the metric used on the parameter space.
A Banach space is complete for its norm metric.
A separable space has an at most countable dense subset.
Continuity means inverse images of open sets are open.
The relative topology consists of intersections of ambient open sets with the subspace.
The product topology has a basis of open rectangles.
Every real polynomial is continuous on its domain.
The product sigma-algebra is generated by measurable rectangles.
The extended real line adds two infinite endpoints to the real line.
The extended-real Borel sigma-algebra restricts to the real Borel sets.
A function is measurable when inverse images of measurable sets are measurable.
A fixed-data potential defines evidence and a normalized posterior update on positive finite fibers.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The two-point prior, finite potential, pointwise evidence/posterior convention, and a data interval with .
The fixed-data posterior density relative to is when . Misfit evidence and the potential posterior law
The data-stability theorem gives a root-L2 Hellinger Lipschitz bound for every pair of data in a bounded ball, and the defining Hellinger distance for the supplied posterior densities is their root-L2 distance. Hellinger stability of function-space posteriors under data perturbations, Root-L2 Hellinger distance for dominated laws
The specified two-atom law is a Borel probability with full mass on the finite Borel set ; are taken with their standard separable Banach structure and norm metric. Probability measures and probability spaces, A Borel prior concentrated on a forward-map domain, The Borel sigma-algebra of a topological space, Banach space, Separability: the existence of an at most countable dense subset, A norm on a real vector space, the induced metric, and the dictionary with the metric axioms
For each fixed , is a continuous real polynomial; the open slices show that is jointly continuous. Every open is with each open in , and each such rectangle belongs to the product sigma-algebra. Thus every open preimage under is product-measurable; since open sets generate the real Borel sets and the extended-real Borel sigma-algebra restricts to the real one, is measurable as an extended-real-valued map. Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally, Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace, The product set of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space, Sums, scalar multiples, products, absolute values, maxima, minima and quotients with nonvanishing denominator of continuous functions are continuous, as are constants, the identity and every polynomial function, The product sigma-algebra and its finite iterates, The Borel sigma-algebra of a topological space, The extended real line , its order, and the arithmetic that is left undefined, The Borel sigma-algebra on the extended real line, A measurable function between measurable spaces
Verification
Given: , , the equal-atom prior, and .
For any , the intervals , indexed by , cover and omit ; hence is open and every singleton is closed. Therefore is Borel as a finite union of closed sets, and it is bounded because on . The open intervals and intersect in and , respectively, so every singleton is relatively open and has the discrete relative topology. The displayed finite atomic measure is countably additive and its two atom masses sum to one, so it is a Borel probability with . Thus itself is a bounded Borel subset of positive prior mass, as required by the theorem. The real line is a separable Banach space. By [F4], for any open , intersects each open slice in an open subset of that slice, hence open in ; taking the union over proves joint continuity. The potential is nonnegative. For and , Here by the triangle inequality. Thus choose and , which are Borel and nondecreasing in each argument. Then so [F2] applies and gives the stated Hellinger Lipschitz stability on .
By [F1], the evidence is the displayed two-term sum and is positive. The posterior mass ratio is the two masses sum to one, so . The verified evidence and the explicit formula determine the whole two-point posterior.
Depends on
- Hellinger stability of function-space posteriors under data perturbations
- Misfit evidence and the potential posterior law
- Probability measures and probability spaces
- A Borel prior concentrated on a forward-map domain
- The Borel sigma-algebra of a topological space
- Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally
- Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace
- The product set $\prod_{i \in I} X_i$ of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space
- Sums, scalar multiples, products, absolute values, maxima, minima and quotients with nonvanishing denominator of continuous functions are continuous, as are constants, the identity and every polynomial function
- The product sigma-algebra and its finite iterates
- The extended real line $\overline{\mathbb{R}} = \mathbb{R} \cup \{-\infty, +\infty\}$, its order, and the arithmetic that is left undefined
- The Borel sigma-algebra on the extended real line
- A measurable function between measurable spaces
- Banach space
- A norm on a real vector space, the induced metric, and the dictionary with the metric axioms
- Separability: the existence of an at most countable dense subset
- Root-L2 Hellinger distance for dominated laws
Used by
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Sources
- M. Dashti and A. M. Stuart, The Bayesian Approach to Inverse Problems (full lecture notes, arXiv:1302.6989) (standard reference, not scraped)
- J. Latz, On the Well-posedness of Bayesian Inverse Problems, SIAM/ASA Journal on Uncertainty Quantification 8 (2020) (standard reference, not scraped)