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The real 2-dimensional irreducible representation of C3 has endomorphism ring C

Example

Let C3=g, and let V=R2. Define A:=(12323212). Sending g to A makes V into a real 2-dimensional representation of C3. This representation is irreducible, and its endomorphism ring is a copy of C.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The cyclic group C3=g and the matrix A above.

[L1]

A representation is irreducible exactly when it has no proper nonzero subrepresentation (Subrepresentations, direct sums of representations, and irreducibility).

[L2]
[L3]

The real numbers form an ordered field, and every nonzero square is positive (The reals form a totally ordered field, Squares of nonzero elements are positive).

Verification

technique · direct
1.1

A direct multiplication gives A2+A+I2=0, hence A3=I2. Therefore gA defines a real representation of C3=g on V=R2.

givenalgebra
1.2

Let T=(abcd). The condition TA=AT from [L2] is equivalent to c=b and d=a, so the commuting endomorphisms are exactly the matrices (abba) with a,bR.

L2givenalgebra
2.1

Let WV be a nonzero invariant line, and choose 0vW. Then Av=λv for some λR. Applying the polynomial identity from step 1.1 gives (λ2+λ+1)v=0, so λ2+λ+1=0. But 4(λ2+λ+1)=(2λ+1)2+3>0 by [L3], impossible. Hence no nonzero proper invariant line exists, so the representation is irreducible by [L1].

step 1.1L1L3givenchoose
3.1

The map Φ:CEndC3(V) given by Φ(a+bi)=(abba) is bijective by the uniqueness in [L4], and the multiplication formula in [L4] matches matrix multiplication of these 2×2 matrices. Therefore EndC3(V) is a copy of C.

step 1.2L4

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