How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
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These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
with the half-open intervals as a basis is not compact and, assuming the Axiom of Countable Choice, is Lindel"of, while its square is not Lindel"of, the antidiagonal being an uncountable closed discrete subspace
Example
Let (Intervals of : the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length) and let be carrying the topology for which is a basis (Basis and subbasis for a topology, and the topology generated by a family of sets, A family is a basis for a unique topology iff it covers the set and every point of an intersection of two members lies in a member inside that intersection; finite intersections of any subbasis form a basis). Then:
- is a basis for a topology on .
- is not compact (Open cover, subcover, and compact topological space; a compact subset is a subspace that is compact in its own right).
- is Lindelöf (Countably compact, Lindel"of, sequentially compact, limit point compact and -compact spaces, and relatively compact subsets), assuming the Axiom of Countable Choice (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()).
- with the product topology (The product set of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space) is not Lindelöf: the antidiagonal is an uncountable subset that is closed and carries the discrete topology as a subspace.
So Lindelöfness is not preserved by products, even by the product of a space with itself.
This is the same space that appears elsewhere in the library under the name Sorgenfrey line, re-minted here because the published treatment lives on a page whose items may not be cited from anywhere; nothing below depends on that treatment.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: with its order, the family of half-open intervals with , the space , and the product .
A family of subsets of a set is a basis for a unique topology exactly when it covers and every point of an intersection of two members lies in a member inside that intersection; the topology consists of the sets such that every has with (A family is a basis for a unique topology iff it covers the set and every point of an intersection of two members lies in a member inside that intersection; finite intersections of any subbasis form a basis, Basis and subbasis for a topology, and the topology generated by a family of sets, Topology on a set, open and closed sets, clopen sets, the closed-set axiomatisation, and the coarser/finer comparison).
The sets with form a basis for the product topology on , the index set being a natural number (The product set of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space, A family is a basis for a unique topology iff it covers the set and every point of an intersection of two members lies in a member inside that intersection; finite intersections of any subbasis form a basis).
The order of Order on the reals makes a totally ordered field (The reals form a totally ordered field) with the least-upper-bound property (The Cauchy-sequence reals have the least-upper-bound property), hence a complete ordered field (Complete ordered field (least-upper-bound property)); for every real there is therefore with (Every complete ordered field is Archimedean, The canonical natural of a field); and for reals there is a rational strictly between them (ℚ is dense in every Archimedean ordered field).
A set is at most countable when it is finite or countably infinite (Finite, countably infinite, countable, uncountable); is countably infinite ( is countably infinite) and is uncountable ( is uncountable (Cantor's nested intervals, 1874)); every subset of an at most countable set is at most countable (Every subset of an at most countable set is at most countable); if and are at most countable then so is (A product of two at most countable sets is at most countable); and a nonempty set is at most countable iff it is a surjective image of , an injection back into being obtained from any such surjection (A nonempty set is at most countable iff it is a surjective image of ). The union of two at most countable sets is then at most countable, by interleaving two such surjections.
A space is Lindelöf when every open cover has an at most countable subcover, and compact when every open cover has a finite subcover (Countably compact, Lindel"of, sequentially compact, limit point compact and -compact spaces, and relatively compact subsets, Open cover, subcover, and compact topological space; a compact subset is a subspace that is compact in its own right).
Countable choice: for every family of nonempty sets there is on with (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()).
The open sets of a subspace are the traces of the ambient open sets, and its closed sets the traces of the ambient closed sets (Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace).
Verification
Claim 1: covers , since ; and is when that is nonempty and otherwise, so it is a member of or empty. By [L1] the family is a basis for exactly one topology, and a set is open in exactly when each of its points has a half-open interval around it inside it.
Claim 2: the family consists of members of , hence of open sets, and covers by [L3]; the members increase with , so a finite subfamily has union for the largest index occurring, which omits . So is not compact.
For claim 3 let be an open cover of and let be the family of members of contained in some member of ; by step 1.1 the family covers . Put .
In the antidiagonal is discrete as a subspace: for the basic set meets only in , since a point in it satisfies and , that is . By [L7] each singleton of is therefore open in the subspace.
is closed in : let have . If , every point of has , so the box misses . If , put ; every point of has at least and less than , so again the box misses . So the complement of is open.
is at most countable. Fix a surjection ([L4]) and for let be the rational of least index with and ; such rationals exist, since covers gives with , a rational with by [L3] then has and so . Nothing is selected, the least index being determined by . The map is injective on : if lay outside with , then gives and puts in . So injects into , hence is equinumerous with a subset of and at most countable by [L4].
is covered by the at most countable family , at most countable because injects it into , which is at most countable by [L4], as is therefore the image subset: given there is with , and [L3] gives rationals with , whence lies in and contains .
So is an at most countable subfamily of by [L4] and covers by steps 3.1 and 3.2. Every member of lies inside some member of , so [L6] applied to an indexing of by supplies one member of for each member of , and those form an at most countable subcover of . Hence is Lindelöf: claim 3.
is uncountable, being in bijection with under and being uncountable by [L4]. Were Lindelöf, its closed subspace would be too: given a cover of by traces of ambient open sets, adjoining the complement of gives an ambient open cover, an at most countable subcover of it traces back to an at most countable subcover of . But is discrete by step 2.3, so its singletons form an open cover admitting only itself as a subcover, and that family is uncountable. So is not Lindelöf: claim 4.
Remarks
- Dictionary. The space defined here is the same space as the published The Sorgenfrey line: with the half-open intervals as a basis is strictly finer than the usual topology, is first countable, has a countable dense subset, and its sequences converge only from the right; that item is homed on an examples page, whose items may not be cited from outside their own A/B pair, which is why the space is re-minted here rather than cited. Nothing above depends on the published treatment.
What fails in the product. Lindelöfness of rests on the rationals being dense and at most countable, so that a cover can be thinned to countably many rational-endpoint intervals plus countably many exceptional points. In the square each point of the antidiagonal has a basic box around it meeting the antidiagonal in that point alone, and there are uncountably many such points; no countability of the rationals helps, because those boxes are pairwise distinct and each of them isolates one antidiagonal point, so an at most countable subfamily of the cover they generate can reach only at most countably many of them.
Neither compactness nor Lindelöfness is what separates the topologies. is finer than the usual topology of , since every is a union of half-open intervals, and both spaces are Lindelöf and not compact; the difference shows up only in the square.
Depends on
- Countably compact, Lindel\"of, sequentially compact, limit point compact and $\sigma$-compact spaces, and relatively compact subsets
- Open cover, subcover, and compact topological space; a compact subset is a subspace that is compact in its own right
- Basis and subbasis for a topology, and the topology generated by a family of sets
- A family is a basis for a unique topology iff it covers the set and every point of an intersection of two members lies in a member inside that intersection; finite intersections of any subbasis form a basis
- The product set $\prod_{i \in I} X_i$ of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space
- Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace
- Topology on a set, open and closed sets, clopen sets, the closed-set axiomatisation, and the coarser/finer comparison
- Finite, countably infinite, countable, uncountable
- A nonempty set is at most countable iff it is a surjective image of $\mathbb{N}$
- $\mathbb{R}$ is uncountable (Cantor's nested intervals, 1874)
- $\mathbb{Q}$ is countably infinite
- Every subset of an at most countable set is at most countable
- A product of two at most countable sets is at most countable
- ℚ is dense in every Archimedean ordered field
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
- Intervals of $\mathbb{R}$: the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length
- Order on the reals
- Complete ordered field (least-upper-bound property)
- The canonical natural $\iota(n) = n \cdot 1_F$ of a field
- Every complete ordered field is Archimedean
- The reals form a totally ordered field
- The Cauchy-sequence reals have the least-upper-bound property
Used by
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Sources
- Lower limit topology (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Lindelöf space (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Sorgenfrey topology (Encyclopedia of Mathematics) (standard reference, not scraped)