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Existence and rigidity of bigradings

Statement

Let (D,Δ) be the marked disk and π~ ⁣:P~→P the Z2-cover of The Z^2 cover of the projectivized tangent bundle and bigraded curves with deck action χ. A curve c in (D,Δ) (Curves and geometric intersection numbers on the marked disk) admits a bigrading if and only if c is not a simple closed curve; when it does, any two bigradings of c differ by a unique element of the deck group Z2. Moreover, the Z2-action on isotopy classes of bigraded curves is free: a bigraded curve is never isotopic to χ(r1,r2)c~ with (r1,r2)≠0. Consequently a bigrading of a non-closed curve is unique up to the deck action, and an isotopy of curves lifts uniquely to an isotopy of bigraded curves once one bigrading is fixed, whenever the lifted bigradings exist throughout the isotopy.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The marked disk (D,Δ), the pullback covering π~ of the universal covering of (C∗/R>0)2 along δP, with deck group Z2 acting by χ, and a curve c with canonical section sc.

[L1]

A bigrading of c is a continuous lift of sc to P~; the deck group acts on bigradings by composition with χ, and bigraded isotopy is isotopy through pairs (The Z^2 cover of the projectivized tangent bundle and bigraded curves).

[L2]

A map from a path-connected, locally path-connected space lifts through a covering with a prescribed initial point exactly when its induced fundamental-group image lies in that of the covering; homotopies lift uniquely from an initial lift (Lifting criterion for maps from path-connected locally path-connected spaces, Existence and uniqueness of homotopy lifts through a covering map). In this particular pullback, a lift is a continuous real-coordinate lift x of δPsc, and χ(r) sends x to x+r. Thus each fibre is a free transitive Z2-set: this follows from the explicit translation formula, not from a freeness assertion for arbitrary deck groups (The Z^2 cover of the projectivized tangent bundle and bigraded curves).

[L3]

A curve is either an embedded arc with interior in D∘∖Δ, or an essential simple closed curve in D∘∖Δ; an arc with its endpoints in Δ removed is a contractible interval, possibly closed or half-open at boundary endpoints, and the complement of the marked points in a simple closed curve is connected (Curves and geometric intersection numbers on the marked disk).

[L4]

The covering P~ is classified by the cohomology class whose value on a small positively oriented loop λz around a marked point is (−2,1) and whose value on the class of a full turn of the tangent line over a point is (1,0); an essential simple closed curve in the punctured disk bounds a topological disk in D containing k≥1 marked points, and its class pairs with the covering class as ±(2−2k,k)≠(0,0) (The Z^2 cover of the projectivized tangent bundle and bigraded curves).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1L1L2L3

Non-closed curves admit bigradings. If c is an arc, c∖Δ is a contractible interval [L3], hence path-connected and locally path-connected with trivial fundamental group. Choose any point over sc(z0); the subgroup condition in [L2] is then automatic, and the lifting criterion gives a continuous lift of sc, which is a bigrading.

1.2L2L4

Simple closed curves do not admit bigradings. By Jordan's theorem an essential simple closed curve encloses k≥1 marks. The two circle coordinates of δPsc have winding ±(2−2k,k) by [L4]. A continuous real-coordinate lift around c would return to its initial value, forcing both windings to be zero, contrary to k≥1. Hence no bigrading exists.

1.3L1L2L3

Uniqueness up to the deck action. Suppose c admits bigradings c~ and c~′. Both are lifts of the same section sc over the connected base c∖Δ [L3], so c~′(z)=χ(δ(z))c~(z) for a continuous function δ ⁣:c∖Δ→Z2; since Z2 is discrete this function is locally constant, and since c∖Δ is connected it is constant, say δ≡(r1,r2). Thus c~′=χ(r1,r2)c~, and (r1,r2) is unique because χ acts freely on each fibre.

1.4L1L2L3L4

Freeness on isotopy classes. Parametrize the given bigraded isotopy by smooth embedded arcs γt:[0,1]→D, choosing the parametrizations so that γ1=γ0; this is possible by interpolating the increasing reparametrization of the returned arc. The base and tangent-line traces at each unmarked parameter value are therefore closed loops. If the arc has a boundary endpoint, that endpoint is fixed, and its tangent line stays transverse to the boundary throughout the isotopy. Its projective tangent trace lies in RP1 minus the boundary tangent line, a contractible interval; its base trace is constant. Hence its cover monodromy is zero. If both endpoints are distinct marks q0,q1, the loops κs(t)=γt(s) for 0<s<1 are freely homotopic as s varies, and thus have the same winding about every mark. Near q0 all windings except the one about q0 vanish, while near q1 all except the one about q1 vanish. Comparing these tuples shows that every winding is zero. For small s>0, κs(t)−q0=sγt′(0)+o(s) uniformly in t, so the nonzero vector loop γt′(0) also has winding zero; the tangent-line trace at γt(s) converges to its projectivization, and thus has zero fibre winding. The two coordinates of the covering monodromy in [L4] are consequently zero. The deck shift is constant along the connected arc, so in both endpoint cases (r1,r2)=0. This is the endpoint comparison of Khovanov--Seidel Lemma bigrading-isotopy, printed p. 24, with the tangent contribution made explicit.

2.1L2step 1.1step 1.2step 1.3step 1.4∎

Conclusion and isotopy lifting. Steps 1.1 and 1.2 give the existence criterion, step 1.3 gives uniqueness up to a unique deck element, and step 1.4 gives freeness on isotopy classes. Parametrize an arc isotopy by a fixed interval with its marked ends removed. Its tangent sections give a homotopy into P, which lifts uniquely from a prescribed initial bigrading by [L2]; interpreting the lifted map on each moving arc gives the required bigraded isotopy. No choice principle is used.

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