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Existence and rigidity of bigradings
Statement
Let be the marked disk and the -cover of The Z^2 cover of the projectivized tangent bundle and bigraded curves with deck action . A curve in (Curves and geometric intersection numbers on the marked disk) admits a bigrading if and only if is not a simple closed curve; when it does, any two bigradings of differ by a unique element of the deck group . Moreover, the -action on isotopy classes of bigraded curves is free: a bigraded curve is never isotopic to with . Consequently a bigrading of a non-closed curve is unique up to the deck action, and an isotopy of curves lifts uniquely to an isotopy of bigraded curves once one bigrading is fixed, whenever the lifted bigradings exist throughout the isotopy.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The marked disk , the pullback covering of the universal covering of along , with deck group acting by , and a curve with canonical section .
A bigrading of is a continuous lift of to ; the deck group acts on bigradings by composition with , and bigraded isotopy is isotopy through pairs (The Z^2 cover of the projectivized tangent bundle and bigraded curves).
A map from a path-connected, locally path-connected space lifts through a covering with a prescribed initial point exactly when its induced fundamental-group image lies in that of the covering; homotopies lift uniquely from an initial lift (Lifting criterion for maps from path-connected locally path-connected spaces, Existence and uniqueness of homotopy lifts through a covering map). In this particular pullback, a lift is a continuous real-coordinate lift of , and sends to . Thus each fibre is a free transitive -set: this follows from the explicit translation formula, not from a freeness assertion for arbitrary deck groups (The Z^2 cover of the projectivized tangent bundle and bigraded curves).
A curve is either an embedded arc with interior in , or an essential simple closed curve in ; an arc with its endpoints in removed is a contractible interval, possibly closed or half-open at boundary endpoints, and the complement of the marked points in a simple closed curve is connected (Curves and geometric intersection numbers on the marked disk).
The covering is classified by the cohomology class whose value on a small positively oriented loop around a marked point is and whose value on the class of a full turn of the tangent line over a point is ; an essential simple closed curve in the punctured disk bounds a topological disk in containing marked points, and its class pairs with the covering class as (The Z^2 cover of the projectivized tangent bundle and bigraded curves).
Proof
Non-closed curves admit bigradings. If is an arc, is a contractible interval [L3], hence path-connected and locally path-connected with trivial fundamental group. Choose any point over ; the subgroup condition in [L2] is then automatic, and the lifting criterion gives a continuous lift of , which is a bigrading.
Simple closed curves do not admit bigradings. By Jordan's theorem an essential simple closed curve encloses marks. The two circle coordinates of have winding by [L4]. A continuous real-coordinate lift around would return to its initial value, forcing both windings to be zero, contrary to . Hence no bigrading exists.
Uniqueness up to the deck action. Suppose admits bigradings and . Both are lifts of the same section over the connected base [L3], so for a continuous function ; since is discrete this function is locally constant, and since is connected it is constant, say . Thus , and is unique because acts freely on each fibre.
Freeness on isotopy classes. Parametrize the given bigraded isotopy by smooth embedded arcs , choosing the parametrizations so that ; this is possible by interpolating the increasing reparametrization of the returned arc. The base and tangent-line traces at each unmarked parameter value are therefore closed loops. If the arc has a boundary endpoint, that endpoint is fixed, and its tangent line stays transverse to the boundary throughout the isotopy. Its projective tangent trace lies in minus the boundary tangent line, a contractible interval; its base trace is constant. Hence its cover monodromy is zero. If both endpoints are distinct marks , the loops for are freely homotopic as varies, and thus have the same winding about every mark. Near all windings except the one about vanish, while near all except the one about vanish. Comparing these tuples shows that every winding is zero. For small , uniformly in , so the nonzero vector loop also has winding zero; the tangent-line trace at converges to its projectivization, and thus has zero fibre winding. The two coordinates of the covering monodromy in [L4] are consequently zero. The deck shift is constant along the connected arc, so in both endpoint cases . This is the endpoint comparison of Khovanov--Seidel Lemma bigrading-isotopy, printed p. 24, with the tangent contribution made explicit.
Conclusion and isotopy lifting. Steps 1.1 and 1.2 give the existence criterion, step 1.3 gives uniqueness up to a unique deck element, and step 1.4 gives freeness on isotopy classes. Parametrize an arc isotopy by a fixed interval with its marked ends removed. Its tangent sections give a homotopy into , which lifts uniquely from a prescribed initial bigrading by [L2]; interpreting the lifted map on each moving arc gives the required bigraded isotopy. No choice principle is used.
Depends on
- The Z^2 cover of the projectivized tangent bundle and bigraded curves
- Curves and geometric intersection numbers on the marked disk
- Covering maps, evenly covered neighbourhoods, fibres, sheets, and trivial coverings
- Deck transformations and the deck-transformation group of a covering
- Lifting criterion for maps from path-connected locally path-connected spaces
- Existence and uniqueness of homotopy lifts through a covering map
Used by
- The complex of an admissible bigraded curve Definition
- Bigraded string types and their contributions to Iᵇⁱᵍʳ Lemma
- The curve complex is a complex and is invariant under normal-form moves Lemma
- The preferred lift of a half twist shifts the bigrading by chi(-1,1) Lemma
- Homs compute bigraded arc intersections Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
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