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Brunner's models satisfy the required choice and Urysohn obstructions
Statement
The real-ordered countable-compact-support Läuchli model of Brunner's ordered Läuchli permutation models satisfies the Axiom of Countable Choice (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()), and both that model and the rational-ordered finite-support model contain a nondegenerate compact linearly ordered normal space (Open cover, subcover, and compact topological space; a compact subset is a subspace that is compact in its own right, Normal spaces and spaces, with the source disagreement over whether normality includes stated explicitly) on which every continuous real-valued function is constant (Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally); hence Urysohn's lemma fails in both models.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The two models of Brunner's ordered Läuchli permutation models, formed internally in a ground model of ZFA+AC. All constructions and arguments below, including ranks, real coordinates, compactness and sequences, are interpreted inside ; no external well-foundedness or transitivity of is required. Write for either symmetric model and for the closed atom interval, with . Ground order coordinates identify with or in , outside ; no such enumeration is asserted to belong to .
Internally in , the permutation model is membership-closed with the same pure kernel; its objects are hereditarily symmetric, not merely symmetric. Pure reals and natural numbers are fixed by every atom permutation. Conjugation transports supports, and a symmetric set of hereditarily symmetric members is hereditarily symmetric (Brunner's ordered Läuchli permutation models, Permutation groups, stabilizers, supports, and normal filters, Symmetric and hereditarily symmetric sets).
The real model's support ideal consists of subsets of countable compact ground sets; the rational model's supports are finite. The group is all increasing atom bijections. The interval and its internal order topology are objects of the model (Brunner's ordered Läuchli permutation models, The order topology of a linearly ordered set, with the open rays as a subbasis; order-convex sets, order-density, the least upper bound property, and linear continua, Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace).
Ground AC permits simultaneous witness choices and countable unions of countable sets are countable there (The Axiom of Choice, Countable unions of at most countable sets, assuming ). A compact real set is closed and bounded, and conversely (A subset of is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded). Every nondegenerate real interval is uncountable (Every nondegenerate interval of is uncountable); the rationals are dense and countable (Both and are dense in , and every nonempty open subset of is uncountable, is countably infinite).
A continuous real function on a closed real interval has the intermediate-value property (Intermediate value theorem, by bisection with a canonical left-half rule: a continuous function on takes every value between and ). Continuity and the order topology have their ordinary preimage-of-open-set meaning (Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally, The order topology of a linearly ordered set, with the open rays as a subbasis; order-convex sets, order-density, the least upper bound property, and linear continua).
A compact Hausdorff space is normal, without an additional choice hypothesis (A compact Hausdorff space is regular and normal, hence and , Open cover, subcover, and compact topological space; a compact subset is a subspace that is compact in its own right, Hausdorff space: distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods; every metrizable space is Hausdorff and the indiscrete topology on two points is not, Normal spaces and spaces, with the source disagreement over whether normality includes stated explicitly).
Proof
All constructions involving order coordinates in the following support argument take place in . Given a sequence of nonempty sets in the real model, enlarge a support for the sequence to a nonempty countable compact set . Ground AC chooses and countable compact supports for them. Each is hereditarily symmetric by membership closure. The sequence support fixes each , since the index is pure.
In the real model the internal interval is compact: each internal open cover is, in ground real coordinates, an open cover of the real closed bounded interval, hence has a finite subcover by [F3]. Every member of this subcover is already hereditarily symmetric, and a finite set of such objects is hereditarily symmetric by combining their finitely many supports. Thus that finite subcover belongs to . The internal order topology is Hausdorff in either model: between two distinct points choose two intervening points and use the disjoint order rays. This is a finite existence argument in the dense atom order.
In the rational model, every nonempty internal subset has a supremum in . Enlarge a finite support for by , and call it . In the ground real completion of the rational order let . If , it lies in a complementary interval of the finite set . Choose rational points inside that interval and an increasing rational order automorphism fixing whose extension to real cuts moves : for instance choose rational breakpoints around and a piecewise-affine map with positive rational slopes, identity outside the component, which moves the whole small interval containing to its right. Such a map preserves the rational order and fixes , hence preserves , contradicting uniqueness of its real supremum. Therefore , so it is an atom and is the supremum internally too. This concerns internal sets only; no ambient irrational cut is added to .
Let be an internal continuous map. Enlarge a support of to include , using a countable compact support in the real model and a finite support in the rational model. An automorphism fixing this support fixes every pure real value, hence . On each complementary interval of the support in , increasing automorphisms fixing the support act transitively: a piecewise-affine increasing map sends any prescribed interior point to another and fixes the boundary, and in the rational case its pieces can have rational coefficients. Hence is constant on each such interval. No assertion is made that supported points move.
Put . There is an increasing bijection of the real order fixing and sending every point of within distance of . Here is the component construction. On a bounded complementary interval of , choose with : the closed countable set cannot contain an interval by [F3]. Choose . Map affinely to , affinely to , and affinely to . The pieces agree, are strictly increasing and send the portion of into the two boundary strips. On a right unbounded component , choose above all of , map affinely onto , and continue by a positive-slope affine bijection onto ; treat the left ray by reflection. Fix pointwise. The component maps and this fixed part form a global increasing bijection, since each component maps onto itself with its endpoints fixed. AC in permits these choices for all components and .
Order completeness from step 1.3 implies compactness of the rational-model interval without choice. Given an internal open cover, internally form . It contains and has a supremum . A cover member containing contains an interval neighbourhood of . If , choose in the left part of that neighbourhood using the supremum property; its finite subcover together with this member covers . If , that member alone covers . Thus . If , the same neighbourhood extends to a point to the right of and would put that point in , a contradiction. Hence , and the cover has a finite subcover. This whole argument is internal to . Combined with step 1.2, both intervals are compact Hausdorff and therefore normal by [F5].
In the rational model there are only finitely many support points and complementary intervals. Continuity at each interior support point makes the constants on its two adjacent intervals equal to its value: if a constant differed, disjoint real neighbourhoods of the two values would contradict continuity along that adjacent interval. The same one-sided argument applies at . Moving across the finite ordered list of support points proves that is constant on .
In the real model the complementary intervals are countable in : enumerate the ground rationals and assign to each interval the least rational index inside it; disjoint intervals get different indices. Together with the countable support and step 1.4 this makes at most countable in , by [F3]. But , viewed in ground real coordinates, is continuous: the preimage of every ground open real set is internally open (the pure kernel is unchanged), and internally open subsets of are ground open subsets. If two values differed, the intermediate-value theorem on the real subinterval between their arguments would put a nondegenerate real interval in , contrary to [F3]. Thus is constant here as well.
Let . It is countable by [F3] and bounded, since every new point is within of the bounded nonempty set . It is closed: if , some neighbourhood of has positive distance from , so it misses for all sufficiently large . The remaining finitely many sets , and , are closed, since increasing real bijections are homeomorphisms (they map order intervals to order intervals). Thus a point outside has an open neighbourhood missing . By [F3], is compact and is an allowed support.
Set . Since fixes , ; conjugation makes a support for . Hence supports the graph . Its members and all their membership descendants are hereditarily symmetric by [F1], so this graph belongs to . It is a choice function for the given sequence. This proves Countable Choice in the real model; AC was used only in to obtain the supported graph.
The endpoint atoms are distinct closed singleton subsets of the normal space . A Urysohn separator would take values and at these endpoints and would be a nonconstant internal continuous real-valued function, contradicting steps 2.3 and 2.4. Hence Urysohn's lemma fails in both models, while step 4.1 establishes Countable Choice in the real model.
Depends on
- Brunner's ordered Läuchli permutation models
- Normal spaces and $T_4$ spaces, with the source disagreement over whether normality includes $T_1$ stated explicitly
- Hausdorff space: distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods; every metrizable space is Hausdorff and the indiscrete topology on two points is not
- Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally
- A compact Hausdorff space is regular and normal, hence $T_3$ and $T_4$
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
- Open cover, subcover, and compact topological space; a compact subset is a subspace that is compact in its own right
- Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace
- The order topology of a linearly ordered set, with the open rays as a subbasis; order-convex sets, order-density, the least upper bound property, and linear continua
- Permutation groups, stabilizers, supports, and normal filters
- Symmetric and hereditarily symmetric sets
- Intervals of $\mathbb{R}$: the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length
- The Axiom of Choice
- Countable unions of at most countable sets, assuming $\mathrm{AC}_\omega$
- A subset of $\mathbb{R}$ is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded
- Every nondegenerate interval of $\mathbb{R}$ is uncountable
- Both $\mathbb{Q}$ and $\mathbb{R} \setminus \mathbb{Q}$ are dense in $\mathbb{R}$, and every nonempty open subset of $\mathbb{R}$ is uncountable
- Intermediate value theorem, by bisection with a canonical left-half rule: a continuous function on $[a,b]$ takes every value between $f(a)$ and $f(b)$
- $\mathbb{Q}$ is countably infinite
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Sources
- Norbert Brunner, Geordnete Läuchli Kontinuen (standard reference, not scraped)