Alphabeta Math
LemmaStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-14
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

Dentable average ranges give vector-measure densities

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Choice. If every nonempty bounded closed convex subset of a Banach space X is dentable, then X has the Radon--Nikodym property.

Facts & Assumptions

[A1]

The Axiom of Choice supplies choices from arbitrary nonempty families (The Axiom of Choice).

[L1]

RNP asks for a Bochner density of every bounded-variation vector measure absolutely continuous with respect to a finite scalar measure (Radon--Nikodym property).

[L2]

Dentability means existence of slices of arbitrarily small norm diameter (Dentable bounded set and slice).

[L3]

The variation of a bounded-variation vector measure is a finite positive measure (Bounded variation of a vector measure is a finite measure).

[L4]

Under AC, an absolutely continuous finite scalar measure has an integrable Radon--Nikodym density (A sigma-finite signed measure that is absolutely continuous with respect to a sigma-finite positive measure has a unique almost-everywhere density), and integration against that density agrees with integration for the density measure (Integrating against a density agrees with integrating the product).

[L5]

A Bochner density measure has variation equal to the integral of its norm (A Bochner density defines an absolutely continuous vector measure).

[L6]

Strong measurability plus finite norm integral is equivalent to Bochner integrability (Bochner integrability criterion); nonnegative monotone convergence controls increasing sums (Monotone convergence for the integral).

[L7]

Simple Banach-valued integrals are linear and computed level by level (The Banach-valued simple integral is well defined).

Proof

technique · direct

Given: The dentability hypothesis and data (Ω,A,μ,ν) from [L1].

1.1

Normalize by the variation measure. Put ρ=ν. By [L3], ρ is finite, and νμ implies ρμ by refining subsets of a μ-null set. If ρ(Ω)=0, ν=0 has the zero density. Otherwise [L4], using [A1], gives w0 with ρ=wdμ. We first construct a density with respect to ρ, for which νρ holds tautologically.

givenA1L1L3L4
1.2

Pass dentability to every average range. For A with ρ(A)>0, put xA=ν(A)/ρ(A) and DA={xB:BA, ρ(B)>0}. Then xB1. The closed convex hull CA is nonempty, bounded, and dentable by hypothesis. A small slice of CA meets DA, because its defining supremum over CA equals the supremum over DA; its intersection with DA has no larger diameter. Thus every DA is dentable.

givenL2
2.1

Find a positive subset with a small average range. Fix ε>0 and positive A. If every positive BA had diamDB>2ε, then for each such B and every xX some positive CB would satisfy xxC>ε. Using [A1] and a maximal-disjoint-family argument, choose disjoint positive BjB with xBxBj>ε which exhaust B modulo ρ. Norm countable additivity gives xB=jρ(Bj)xBj/ρ(B), so xB lies in the closed convex hull of points of DA more than ε away. A slice of DA of diameter less than ε cannot contain both xB and a member of this convex combination above the same slice threshold, contradicting step 1.2. Hence some positive BA has diamDB2ε.

A1L2step 1.2
3.1

Exhaust the space by good pieces and estimate the error. Choose a maximal disjoint family (Aj) of positive sets with diamDAj2ε. Step 2.1 forces it to cover Ω modulo ρ; finiteness of ρ makes the family countable. Put gε=j1AjxAj. Its finite partial sums show strong measurability, and gε1, so [L6] gives Bochner integrability. For measurable E, ν(E)Egεdρ is the sum over j of ρ(EAj)(xEAjxAj) (zero intersections omitted). Consequently every finite partition of E gives the variation estimate νgερ(E)2ερ(E).

A1L5L6step 2.1construct
4.1

Produce an L1(ρ;X)-Cauchy sequence. Use [A1] to choose gn=g2n for all n. By [L5] and the triangle inequality for variation, gngn1dρνgnρ(Ω)+νgn1ρ(Ω)62nρ(Ω). Thus the series of L1 differences is summable.

A1L5step 3.1
5.1

Construct and identify the normalized density. By [L6], monotone convergence applied to n=1Ngngn1 shows that the norm series is finite a.e. Hence, by completeness of X, g0+n1(gngn1) converges a.e. to a strongly measurable h, and the same tail estimate gives gnh in L1(ρ;X). The criterion in [L6] makes h Bochner integrable. For every E, step 3.1 and the norm integral inequality give ν(E)Ehdρ21nρ(E)+Egnhdρ0. Thus ν(E)=Ehdρ.

L5L6step 3.1step 4.1
6.1

Transfer the density back to the original control measure. Set f=wh (and f=0 where w=0). Products of scalar and vector simple approximants show that f is strongly measurable. By [L4], fdμ=hdρ<, so [L6] makes f Bochner integrable. If snh in L1(ρ;X) are simple, [L7] and [L4] give Ewsndμ=Esndρ level by level, while [L4] identifies the two L1 errors. Passing to the limit yields Efdμ=Ehdρ=ν(E).

L4L6L7step 1.1step 5.1
7.1

Conclude RNP and record the choice cost. [A1, L1, step 6.1] The construction applies to arbitrary data in [L1], so X has RNP. The exact non-finite uses of [A1] are scalar Radon--Nikodym in step 1.1, maximal disjoint families in steps 2.1 and 3.1, and simultaneous selection of the sequence (gn) in step 4.1. Empty and zero-variation cases were settled in step 1.1; one-piece exhaustions are included in step 3.1.

A1L1step 1.1step 6.1

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

38 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources