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Discrete sequence spaces are complete in ZF

Statement

In ZF, let A≠∅ and Y=Aω. For f,g∈Y define d(f,g)=0 if f=g, and otherwise d(f,g)=1/(k+1) where k=min⁡{i∈ω:f(i)≠g(i)}. Then (Y,d) is a nonempty complete ultrametric space. For each finite function s:l→A, its cylinder [s]={f∈Y:f↾l=s} is nonempty and clopen, and these cylinders form a basis for the metric topology. Only this explicitly metrized constant-factor sequence space is asserted here.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: ZF, a nonempty set A, and the formulas for Y,d,[s] above.

[F1]

All functions between two sets form a set (The set BA of all functions A→B).

[F2]

Every nonempty subset of ω has a least element (The well-ordering principle).

[F3]

Replacement makes each uniquely specified set-indexed assignment a set of values (The Axiom Schema of Replacement: for each formula φ, if φ defines a class function on A then its image on A is a set).

[F4]

Positive integer reciprocals become smaller than any positive real tolerance (For every ε>0 in a complete ordered field there is a natural n≥1 with 1/n<ε).

[F5]

A metric satisfies separation, symmetry and the triangle inequality; an ultrametric also satisfies the strong triangle inequality (Metric space: d(x,y)=0 iff x=y, symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric).

[F6]

Metric balls use strict distance bounds (Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space); open sets contain balls about all their points and closed sets have open complement (The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement).

[F7]

Cauchy means all sufficiently late pairwise distances are below each positive rational tolerance (Cauchy sequence in a metric space).

[F9]

Convergence means distances to the proposed limit are eventually below each positive rational tolerance (Convergence of a sequence in a metric space: xk→x iff d(xk,x)→0 in R).

[F10]

Completeness requires a limit for every Cauchy sequence (Complete metric space: every Cauchy sequence converges in the space).

[F8]

Induction applies to natural-number properties (The principle of mathematical induction).

Proof

1.1F1F2F3given

By the function-set construction Y is a set. Fix one a∗∈A; the constant function n↦a∗ belongs to Y. If f≠g, their nonempty set of differing coordinates has a least member, so d is a well-defined real-valued function (its graph is obtained by Replacement). Its values are nonnegative, it is symmetric, and it is zero exactly on the diagonal. No selection from a family of different carriers is involved.

2.1step 1.1algebra

For every t∈ω, d(f,g)<1/(t+1) holds exactly when f and g agree at all coordinates i≤t: a first disagreement at k≤t gives distance at least 1/(t+1); a first disagreement at k>t gives a smaller reciprocal, and equality of functions gives zero. Also, agreement at all i<l implies d(f,g)≤1/(l+1), including l=0.

2.2F5step 1.1algebra

To prove the strong triangle inequality, equalities f=g or g=h reduce it to equality. Otherwise let i and j be the first disagreements of (f,g) and (g,h) and set t=min⁡(i,j). All three functions agree below t, so either f=h or their first disagreement is at least t. Thus d(f,h)≤1/(t+1)=max⁡(d(f,g),d(g,h)). Nonnegative numbers have maximum at most their sum, so the ordinary triangle inequality follows as well. Hence d is an ultrametric.

3.1F6step 1.1step 2.1

For s:l→A, define s^(i)=s(i) for i<l and s^(i)=a∗ otherwise. Then s^∈[s], including the empty prefix l=0, whose cylinder is Y. If l≥1 and f∈[s], the equivalence above gives B(f,1/l)=[s], so [s] is open. If g∉[s], there is i<l with g(i)≠s(i), and B(g,1/(i+1)) fixes that coordinate and misses [s]. The complement is therefore open. For l=0 the complement is empty and open. Thus every cylinder is nonempty and clopen.

3.2F2F3F7step 2.1

Let (fj)j∈ω be any Cauchy sequence in Y. For each n, its Cauchy property at the rational tolerance 1/(n+1) makes the set of K satisfying (∀p,q≥K) d(fp,fq)<1/(n+1) nonempty. Let Kn be its least member. Define f(n)=fKn(n). Leastness makes both Kn and this value unique, so Replacement gives the graph of a function f:ω→A, without any choice principle. By the prefix equivalence, for j≥Kn one has fj(n)=fKn(n)=f(n).

4.1F4F6step 2.1step 3.1

Given f∈O with O open, take ε>0 with B(f,ε)⊆O and take l≥1 with 1/l<ε. If g extends f↾l, its distance to f is at most 1/(l+1)<ε. Thus f∈[f↾l]⊆O, proving the basis assertion.

5.1F4F8F9F10step 2.1step 3.2∎

For a finite prefix length l, put H0=0 and successively Ht+1=max⁡(Ht,Kt) for t<l. This finite deterministic construction uses no selections; induction shows Hl≥Kt for every t<l. Hence every j≥Hl has fj↾l=f↾l, and d(fj,f)≤1/(l+1). Given positive rational ε, take l≥1 with 1/l<ε; this bound proves fj→f. The construction works also when A is a singleton, in which case every distance is zero. Thus every Cauchy sequence converges in Y, completing the proof.

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