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The complete-metric Baire principle implies Dependent Choice over ZF
Statement
In ZF, the complete-metric Baire principle implies both starting-point-free and prescribed-start Dependent Choice. No monotonicity of the witness indices or distinctness of the resulting chain values is asserted.
More explicitly, for any , where , the least-index map exists. Recursion , gives the chain .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: CM-Baire and an arbitrary serial relation on a nonempty set .
Under CM-Baire, every sequence of open dense sets in a complete metric space has dense intersection (The complete-metric Baire principle over ZF).
The reciprocal first-difference metric makes nonempty and complete in ZF (Discrete sequence spaces are complete in ZF).
The sets form a sequence of open dense subsets of that space (Successor-occurrence sets of a serial relation are open and dense).
A nonempty subset of has a least element (The well-ordering principle); Separation forms sets defined inside a given set (The Axiom Schema of Separation: for each formula , ).
For a self-map of a set and a specified initial element, recursion on the naturals gives a function with successor rule (The recursion theorem).
Starting-point-free DC implies prescribed-start DC in ZF (Prescribed-start and starting-point-free serial choice are equivalent in ZF).
Proof
Since , with its specified metric is nonempty complete, and is open dense. Apply CM-Baire to this space and family: is dense in . If were empty, every ball about a point of the nonempty space would miss it, contradicting density. Thus fix a single .
For each , Separation gives . Since , this set is nonempty and has a unique least element . The graph of is the subset of where and no smaller natural belongs to ; hence Separation makes a set function. In particular for every . This defines successors uniquely from the one fixed .
Apply recursion with carrier , initial element and the self-map . It yields with and . The composite has graph obtained by Separation in . For every , the preceding relation at says . Thus is an -chain.
The construction works for every nonempty and every serial , so gives the global starting-point-free DC principle. Its ZF equivalence with the prescribed-start principle gives the latter as well. The minimum can be smaller or larger than , so no increasing-index or distinct-value assumption entered the argument; singleton carriers and self-loops are allowed.
Depends on
- The complete-metric Baire principle over ZF
- Discrete sequence spaces are complete in ZF
- Successor-occurrence sets of a serial relation are open and dense
- Prescribed-start and starting-point-free serial choice are equivalent in ZF
- The well-ordering principle
- The recursion theorem
- The Axiom Schema of Separation: for each formula $\varphi$, $\forall \bar p\,\forall x\,\exists y\,\forall z\,(z \in y \leftrightarrow (z \in x \wedge \varphi(z,\bar p)))$
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- Miller, Lecture notes on set theory without choice; Proposition 5.4(2) implies (1), p.11 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Karagila, Zornian Functional Analysis, Definition 4 and Chapter 2, pp. 4–5, 8–11 (standard reference, not scraped)