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Closed form for a Gaussian exponential mixture
Statement
Assume AC. For , , and , let under the normal-law convention of Standard normal and normal laws. Then
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Assume AC, , , and .
Standard normal and normal laws: is the law of the affine image of the standard normal law, whose density is .
Change of variables for expectation: Integrating a nonnegative measurable function against a random element's law equals its expectation on the underlying space.
The standard normal density has total mass one: The standard normal density integrates to one.
A C^1 diffeomorphism satisfies the change-of-variables formula for nonnegative Lebesgue measurable functions: If is a diffeomorphism between open subsets of and is Lebesgue measurable, then, assuming countable choice,
Continuous functions on Euclidean spaces are Borel measurable and Assuming countable choice, every Borel subset of is Lebesgue measurable: Under countable choice, every continuous function on is Borel measurable, and every Borel set is Lebesgue measurable.
Square roots exist: a unique with ; the positives are : Every nonnegative real has a unique nonnegative square root.
The Axiom of Choice: AC asserts that every family of nonempty sets has a choice function; it is assumed here.
The Axiom of Countable Choice (): AC implies countable choice, so the countable-choice premise of [F4] follows from the assumed AC.
Proof
Let have the standard normal law. By [F1] and [F6], has law ; [F2] and the density in [F1] give with a continuous nonnegative integrand, which [F5] makes Lebesgue measurable.
Set and . Completing the square in [step 1.1] gives The map has the inverse , so it is a diffeomorphism from to , and . The function is continuous and nonnegative, hence Lebesgue measurable by [F5]. By [A2], AC supplies the countable-choice hypothesis of [F4]; applying [F4] to and gives by [F3]. Therefore .
Depends on
- Standard normal and normal laws
- The standard normal density has total mass one
- Change of variables for expectation
- A C^1 diffeomorphism satisfies the change-of-variables formula for nonnegative Lebesgue measurable functions
- Continuous functions on Euclidean spaces are Borel measurable
- Assuming countable choice, every Borel subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$ is Lebesgue measurable
- Square roots exist: a unique $\sqrt{a} \ge 0$ with $(\sqrt{a})^2 = a$; the positives are $\{x^2 : x \neq 0\}$
- The Axiom of Choice
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
57 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Steven R. Howard, Aaditya Ramdas, Jon McAuliffe, and Jasjeet Sekhon, Time-uniform, nonparametric, nonasymptotic confidence sequences, Proposition 5 and Appendix A.3 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Aaditya Ramdas, Martingales 1: Concentration Inequalities — Conjugate Mixtures, 36-771 lecture notes, Carnegie Mellon University, Fall 2018 (standard reference, not scraped)