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Finite independent Laplace noise has product density

Statement

Assume Countable Choice. For b>0 and a finite integer d≥1, the finite product probability law Lap⁡(b)⊗d on Rd has Lebesgue density

z⟼(2b)−dexp⁡ ⁣(−∥z∥1b),

where ∥z∥1=∑i=1d∣zi∣. Its coordinate projections are independent and each has law Lap⁡(b).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: b>0, a finite integer d≥1, and the finite product conventions in the Statement.

[A1]

Countable Choice is inherited from the one-dimensional exponential/Laplace density construction; no stronger choice principle is used here.

[F1]

One-dimensional density: Lap⁡(b) has density fb(x)=(2b)−1e−∣x∣/b.

[F2]

Finite product sigma-algebra is generated by measurable rectangles.

[F3]

Products of sigma-finite measures exist, are sigma-finite, and have the rectangular product formula. Finite iteration applies both to Lebesgue measures and to probability measures.

[F4]

Tonelli's theorem permits repeated integration of nonnegative product-measurable functions over the finite product.

[F5]

Density measure: integrating a nonnegative measurable function over events defines a measure.

[F6]

Measure uniqueness identifies sigma-finite measures that agree on a generating pi-system under its stated hypotheses.

[F7]

Independent random elements are random elements whose generated sigma-algebras are independent.

[F8]

The exponential addition formula gives exp⁡(x+y)=exp⁡(x)exp⁡(y) for all real x,y; repeated application combines any finite sum in the exponent.

Proof

1.1A1F1F3F4F5F8givenconstruct

Define f(z)=∏i=1dfb(zi)=(2b)−dexp⁡(−∥z∥1/b); the equality factoring the exponential of a finite sum uses [F8]. The function is nonnegative and product-measurable. Repeated application of [F4] gives ∫Rdf(z) dλd(z)=∏i=1d∫Rfb(x) dλ(x)=1, using [F1] for each one-dimensional integral. By [F5], ν(A)=∫Af dλd is therefore a probability measure.

2.1F1F2F3F4F6F7step 1.1∎

For a measurable rectangle A=∏i=1dAi, repeated Tonelli integration [F4] gives ν(A)=∏i=1d∫Aifb dλ=∏i=1dLap⁡(b)(Ai). The finite product law has this same rectangle value by [F3]. Rectangles form a generating pi-system by [F2], and the constant sequence of whole-space rectangles is an increasing exhaustion with mass one for both measures, so [F6] identifies ν with Lap⁡(b)⊗d on the entire product sigma-algebra. Taking unrestricted factors equal to R gives the stated coordinate marginals and factorization for every finite subfamily of coordinate events. These are exactly the events in the generated coordinate sigma-algebras, so the projections are independent by [F7].

Depends on

Used by

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Sources