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Under choice, Ornstein's second construction turns a point-finite metric open cover into a locally finite open refinement
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Choice. Every point-finite open cover of a metric space has a locally finite open refinement. Consequently every metric open cover has a locally finite open refinement.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Choice, a metric space , and a point-finite open cover .
The Axiom of Choice permits the cover to be well ordered and used to select its first eligible member (The Axiom of Choice, The well-ordering theorem).
Metric balls are open, and every point has a positive-radius ball inside some cover member (The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement).
A locally finite open refinement is the paracompactness refinement of Refinements, locally finite families, point-finite families, and star refinements.
Under choice every metric open cover has a point-finite open refinement (Under choice, every open cover of a metric space has a point-finite open refinement).
Proof
Well order the point-finite cover. For let Put when , and otherwise. Then and lies in some cover member: its radius is strictly below . Assign to the first containing , and let be the union of all assigned to .
The selected smaller balls cover and each lies in its assigned , so is an open refining cover.
Fix . If meets , choose a ball meeting it. We claim . Otherwise , while intersection gives ; hence . Thus the truncation in step 1.1 is inactive at and . But because ; the right-hand ball lies in some cover member by step 1.1. This contradicts the definition of . Thus .
The input cover is point-finite, so belongs to only finitely many . Step 2.2 shows that meets only the corresponding finitely many ; hence the new cover is locally finite.
Hence is a locally finite open refinement of the point-finite cover. For an arbitrary metric open cover, first apply [L1] and then this construction; refinement is transitive, so the result refines the original cover.
Remarks
In the primary paper, part (B) is applied to the point-finite cover obtained in part (A), with that cover renamed . Its local-finiteness test concludes that every new set meeting a fixed small ball has an index for which ; point-finiteness of the input is exactly what turns this conclusion into finiteness. Thus part (B) upgrades part (A) rather than restarting from the original arbitrary cover.
Depends on
- Under choice, every open cover of a metric space has a point-finite open refinement
- Refinements, locally finite families, point-finite families, and star refinements
- The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement
- The Axiom of Choice
- The well-ordering theorem
Used by
Dependency tree · next 3 levels
Direct dependencies and their dependencies through the next three levels: 55 results over 12 levels. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, and this result sits at the bottom with a heavier outline. Click the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- D. Ornstein, A New Proof of the Paracompactness of Metric Spaces, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 21 (1969), 341–342 (standard reference, not scraped)