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A planar barrier forces the regularized Perron envelope to have the prescribed boundary limit

Statement

Let Ω⊆C be a bounded complex domain, let ζ∈∂Ω, and let b be a barrier at ζ in the sense of the published definition (Barriers and regular boundary points). Then ζ is a regular boundary point: for every continuous boundary datum φ:∂Ω→R the regularized Perron envelope satisfies lim⁡z→ζz∈ΩHφ(z)=φ(ζ). The limit is produced from the lower Perron family by squeezing the envelope between the barrier bounds; no boundary limit of Hφ at any other boundary point and no converse implication is used.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A bounded complex domain Ω⊆C (A complex domain is a nonempty connected open subset of C), a point ζ∈∂Ω, a barrier b:Ω→[−∞,0) at ζ, a continuous datum φ:∂Ω→R, and ε>0. Here ∂Ω is the topological boundary (Interior, closure, boundary, limit point, isolated point and dense subset of a metric space), boundedness is boundedness of the diameter (Bounded subset, diameter, distance from a point to a set, and distance between two sets in a metric space), and compactness is that of Open cover, subcover, compact metric space, and compact subset of a metric space. A barrier at ζ is a subharmonic b<0 on Ω with b(z)→0 as z→ζ inside Ω and with the property that for every neighbourhood V of ζ there is cV<0 such that lim sup⁡z→η, z∈Ωb(z)≤cV for every η∈∂Ω∖V.

[F1]

A complex domain is a nonempty connected open subset of C, and the Perron lower family P(φ,Ω) consists of the subharmonic v:Ω→[−∞,∞) with lim sup⁡z→η, z∈Ωv(z)≤φ(η) at every η∈∂Ω; the Perron envelope is the pointwise supremum Uφ=sup⁡{v:v∈P(φ,Ω)} and its upper semicontinuous regularization is Hφ(z)=lim⁡ρ↓0sup⁡{Uφ(w):w∈Ω, ∣w−z∣<ρ} (A complex domain is a nonempty connected open subset of C, The Perron lower family for continuous boundary data, The Perron envelope and its regularization).

[F2]

A barrier at ζ is a subharmonic function b on Ω with b<0, with b(z)→0 as z→ζ inside Ω, and with the stated family of negative constants cV (Barriers and regular boundary points).

[F3]

Nonnegative linear combinations of subharmonic functions are subharmonic, and every harmonic function is subharmonic because a C2 function is subharmonic exactly when Δu≥0 (Positive linear combinations and finite maxima preserve subharmonicity, A C^2 function is subharmonic exactly when its Laplacian is nonnegative, Plane harmonic functions).

[F4]

Every member v of P(ψ,Ω) for a continuous datum ψ satisfies v≤max⁡∂Ωψ on Ω (The Perron family is nonempty and uniformly bounded by the boundary data).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1F2F5choosealgebra

The boundary ∂Ω is closed, and it is bounded because Ω is bounded, so ∂Ω is compact by [F5]. Hence there is a neighbourhood V of ζ with ∣φ(η)−φ(ζ)∣<ε for every η∈∂Ω∩V, namely a disc around ζ whose intersection with the boundary lies inside the open set φ−1(φ(ζ)−ε,φ(ζ)+ε). By the barrier property [F2] there is cV<0 with lim sup⁡z→η, z∈Ωb(z)≤cV for every η∈∂Ω∖V. The set S:=∂Ω∖V is a closed subset of the compact set ∂Ω, hence compact by [F5]. Put D=0 if S=∅; otherwise, since the two displayed functions are continuous on the nonempty compact set S, put D:=max⁡(0, max⁡η∈Smax⁡{φ(ζ)−ε−φ(η), φ(η)−φ(ζ)−ε}). This finite nonnegative number bounds both deviations that will be needed. Let A be the least positive integer with A⋅(−cV)>D, which exists because (−cV)>0. Then for every η∈S both φ(ζ)−ε+AcV≤φ(η) and φ(η)+AcV≤φ(ζ)+ε, since A(−cV)>D bounds respectively φ(ζ)−ε−φ(η) and φ(η)−φ(ζ)−ε.

2.1F1F2F3step 1.1cases

The function ℓ(z):=φ(ζ)−ε+A b(z) is subharmonic on Ω by [F3], since b is subharmonic, A≥0 and constants are harmonic. It belongs to P(φ,Ω): at a boundary point η∈∂Ω∩V its limsup is at most φ(ζ)−ε+0<φ(η) by the choice of V and b<0, and at η∈∂Ω∖V it is at most φ(ζ)−ε+AcV≤φ(η) by step 1.1. Therefore Uφ≥ℓ on Ω by [F1], that is Uφ(z)≥φ(ζ)−ε+A b(z)(z∈Ω).

2.2F1F3F4step 1.1cases

Let v∈P(φ,Ω) and put w:=v+A b. Then w is subharmonic on Ω by [F3], and at every boundary point its limsup is at most φ(ζ)+ε: at η∈∂Ω∩V we have lim sup⁡w≤φ(η)+0<φ(ζ)+ε by step 1.1 and b<0, while at η∈∂Ω∖V we have lim sup⁡w≤φ(η)+AcV≤φ(ζ)+ε by the upper-deviation bound in step 1.1. So w∈P(φ(ζ)+ε,Ω) for the constant datum φ(ζ)+ε, and [F4] gives the pointwise bound v(z)≤φ(ζ)+ε−A b(z)(z∈Ω).

3.1F1F2step 2.1step 2.2

Fix δ>0. Since b(z)→0 as z→ζ inside Ω [F2], there is a neighbourhood N of ζ with −δ≤b≤0 on N∩Ω. Steps 2.1 and 2.2 apply to every z∈N∩Ω and give, after taking suprema in v and using that b≤0 only strengthens the upper bound, φ(ζ)−ε−Aδ≤ℓ(z)≤Uφ(z)≤φ(ζ)+ε+Aδ(z∈N∩Ω).

4.1F1step 3.1

The regularization inherits the two bounds on a smaller neighbourhood. Indeed Hφ≥Uφ by the defining limit in [F1], so Hφ≥φ(ζ)−ε−Aδ on N∩Ω; and if w∈N′∩Ω for a neighbourhood N′ of ζ with {∣w−y∣<ρ0}⊆N for some ρ0>0, then every y∈Ω with ∣y−w∣<ρ0 lies in N∩Ω, so the supremum defining Hφ(w) is at most φ(ζ)+ε+Aδ and hence so is its limit Hφ(w) ∣Hφ(w)−φ(ζ)∣≤ε+A δ(w∈N′∩Ω).

5.1F1F2F5step 1.1step 3.1step 4.1∎

Given η>0, apply step 1.1 with ε:=η/2 and step 3.1 with δ:=η/(2A), where A≥1 is the positive integer of step 1.1; then step 4.1 yields a neighbourhood of ζ on which ∣Hφ−φ(ζ)∣≤η. Hence the limit exists and equals φ(ζ), that is, ζ is regular in the sense of [F2]; the argument used only the barrier b at ζ, the continuity of φ at ζ and the compactness of ∂Ω, and it made no use of boundary behaviour of Hφ at any other point.

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