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A planar barrier forces the regularized Perron envelope to have the prescribed boundary limit
Statement
Let be a bounded complex domain, let , and let be a barrier at in the sense of the published definition (Barriers and regular boundary points). Then is a regular boundary point: for every continuous boundary datum the regularized Perron envelope satisfies The limit is produced from the lower Perron family by squeezing the envelope between the barrier bounds; no boundary limit of at any other boundary point and no converse implication is used.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A bounded complex domain (A complex domain is a nonempty connected open subset of ), a point , a barrier at , a continuous datum , and . Here is the topological boundary (Interior, closure, boundary, limit point, isolated point and dense subset of a metric space), boundedness is boundedness of the diameter (Bounded subset, diameter, distance from a point to a set, and distance between two sets in a metric space), and compactness is that of Open cover, subcover, compact metric space, and compact subset of a metric space. A barrier at is a subharmonic on with as inside and with the property that for every neighbourhood of there is such that for every .
A complex domain is a nonempty connected open subset of , and the Perron lower family consists of the subharmonic with at every ; the Perron envelope is the pointwise supremum and its upper semicontinuous regularization is (A complex domain is a nonempty connected open subset of , The Perron lower family for continuous boundary data, The Perron envelope and its regularization).
A barrier at is a subharmonic function on with , with as inside , and with the stated family of negative constants (Barriers and regular boundary points).
Nonnegative linear combinations of subharmonic functions are subharmonic, and every harmonic function is subharmonic because a function is subharmonic exactly when (Positive linear combinations and finite maxima preserve subharmonicity, A C^2 function is subharmonic exactly when its Laplacian is nonnegative, Plane harmonic functions).
Every member of for a continuous datum satisfies on (The Perron family is nonempty and uniformly bounded by the boundary data).
A subset of is compact exactly when it is closed and bounded, a closed subset of a compact set is compact, and a continuous real function on a nonempty compact set attains its maximum and minimum (Heine-Borel in : with the Euclidean metric a subset of is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded, and the proof by bisection uses no choice principle; the same holds on the real line, Open cover, subcover, compact metric space, and compact subset of a metric space, A continuous real-valued function on a nonempty compact metric space is bounded and attains a greatest and a least value).
Proof
The boundary is closed, and it is bounded because is bounded, so is compact by [F5]. Hence there is a neighbourhood of with for every , namely a disc around whose intersection with the boundary lies inside the open set . By the barrier property [F2] there is with for every . The set is a closed subset of the compact set , hence compact by [F5]. Put if ; otherwise, since the two displayed functions are continuous on the nonempty compact set , put This finite nonnegative number bounds both deviations that will be needed. Let be the least positive integer with , which exists because . Then for every both and , since bounds respectively and .
The function is subharmonic on by [F3], since is subharmonic, and constants are harmonic. It belongs to : at a boundary point its limsup is at most by the choice of and , and at it is at most by step 1.1. Therefore on by [F1], that is
Let and put . Then is subharmonic on by [F3], and at every boundary point its limsup is at most : at we have by step 1.1 and , while at we have by the upper-deviation bound in step 1.1. So for the constant datum , and [F4] gives the pointwise bound
Fix . Since as inside [F2], there is a neighbourhood of with on . Steps 2.1 and 2.2 apply to every and give, after taking suprema in and using that only strengthens the upper bound,
The regularization inherits the two bounds on a smaller neighbourhood. Indeed by the defining limit in [F1], so on ; and if for a neighbourhood of with for some , then every with lies in , so the supremum defining is at most and hence so is its limit
Given , apply step 1.1 with and step 3.1 with , where is the positive integer of step 1.1; then step 4.1 yields a neighbourhood of on which . Hence the limit exists and equals , that is, is regular in the sense of [F2]; the argument used only the barrier at , the continuity of at and the compactness of , and it made no use of boundary behaviour of at any other point.
Depends on
- Barriers and regular boundary points
- A complex domain is a nonempty connected open subset of $\mathbb C$
- Bounded subset, diameter, distance from a point to a set, and distance between two sets in a metric space
- Open cover, subcover, compact metric space, and compact subset of a metric space
- Interior, closure, boundary, limit point, isolated point and dense subset of a metric space
- The Perron envelope and its regularization
- The Perron lower family for continuous boundary data
- Plane harmonic functions
- The Perron family is nonempty and uniformly bounded by the boundary data
- Positive linear combinations and finite maxima preserve subharmonicity
- A C^2 function is subharmonic exactly when its Laplacian is nonnegative
- A continuous real-valued function on a nonempty compact metric space is bounded and attains a greatest and a least value
- Heine-Borel in $\mathbb{R}^n$: with the Euclidean metric a subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$ is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded, and the proof by bisection uses no choice principle; the same holds on the real line
Used by
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Sources
- Axler, Bourdon and Ramey, Harmonic Function Theory, 2nd ed., Theorem 11.7, printed pp. 227-228 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Mikhail Lyubich, Dynamics of Quadratic Polynomials, Vol. I, Appendix 1, Sections 10.1-10.9 (standard reference, not scraped)