Alphabeta Math
LemmaStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedaudited 2026-09-10
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

Relative homotopy operations are well defined in their valid degrees

Statement

Relative πn(X,A,x0) is a group for n2 and abelian for n3. Restriction to F=In1×{0} defines a pointed map :πn(X,A,x0)πn1(A,x0), a homomorphism for n2; for n=1 it records the component of the initial endpoint. Maps and homotopies of based pairs act functorially. No group structure on relative π1 is asserted.

Facts & Assumptions

[F1]

Relative representatives keep all faces except the last-coordinate-zero face constant. Relative homotopy classes and groups

[F2]

Closed pasting works in each coordinate whose opposite faces are fixed. Cubical concatenation is well defined on higher homotopy classes

[F3]

Endpoint-fixed coordinate homotopies give group laws, and two coordinates give interchange. Higher homotopy classes form groups and are abelian above degree one

Proof

Given: The spaces, maps, and hypotheses in the statement above.

1.1

For n≥2, concatenate and reverse in coordinate 1. Its two faces are part of J; hence F2 makes the product and pasted representative homotopies continuous. The reparametrizations and reversal contractions in F3 act only on coordinate 1. Every J-face remains at x0, and the last-coordinate-zero face continues to map into A. Thus those same explicit homotopies prove associativity, unit and inverses in the relative set.

F1F2F3
2.1

If n≥3, coordinates 1 and 2 are both available without changing the distinguished coordinate. The four-quarter identity and the two-unit calculation of F3 therefore apply to relative classes, proving commutativity. If n=2 only one coordinate is available, and if n=1 none is; the argument makes no stronger claim in those degrees.

F1F2F3step 1.1
2.2

Restriction to F sends a relative homotopy to a boundary-fixed homotopy in A, since FJ. For n≥2 it commutes pointwise with coordinate-1 concatenation, so [ab]=[a][b]. For n=1 a relative homotopy moves the initial endpoint along a path in A, so its component is well-defined. Constant representatives map to the distinguished element in every degree.

F1F2step 1.1
3.1

For a map of based pairs ϕ:(X,A,x0)(Y,B,y0), composing a representative or its homotopy with φ preserves all triple conditions. Composition and identity act pointwise, and composition commutes with products and with restriction to F. A based pair homotopy Φ gives the representative homotopy (u,t)Φ(a(u),t); it sends F into B and J to y0. This proves all functoriality and homotopy assertions.

F1F2step 2.2

Depends on

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Sources