Alphabeta Math
LemmaStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedverified 2026-10-22 (gpt-6.1-sol)
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

Every embedded torus in a ball is compressible

Statement

Assume full AC. Let B be a compact piecewise linear 3-ball with a finite compatible triangulation, and let T⊂int⁡B be a two-sided embedded torus, where two-sided means that T has a product neighborhood with its given central inclusion. Then there is an embedded compressing disk D⊂int⁡B with D∩T=∂D and ∂D essential on T. The disk is properly embedded in the closure of one component of B∖T: its boundary lies on that component's copy of T and its interior lies in the interior of the component.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Full AC, the finite PL ball and the original unqualified two-sided embedded torus with product neighborhood. No PL or smooth compatibility of that torus is assumed.

[A1]

Full AC is The Axiom of Choice. It permits coset transversals for the possibly untriangulated cut-piece groups below.

[F1]

Two-sidedness and a compressing disk have the geometric product-neighborhood and essential-boundary conventions of Incompressibility, Seifert fibrations, and JSJ systems. A torus with a topological product neighborhood is locally flat, by its intrinsic surface charts crossed with the interval.

[F2]

Under full AC every compact TOP3-manifold, boundary allowed, has a finite compatible PL triangulation with its boundary a subcomplex. The finite PL Loop theorem applies to any connected boundary component with nontrivial inclusion kernel. Compact topological three-manifolds admit finite PL triangulations The loop theorem for finitely triangulated orientable PL three-manifolds

[F3]

Van Kampen gives the pushout for spaces glued along the connected torus product collar. When both side maps are injective, amalgam normal form with coset transversals supplied by [A1] embeds the torus group. Seifert–van Kampen identifies the fundamental group with a group pushout Normal form theorem for free products with amalgamation

[F4]

A compact locally flat closed surface with connected complement in a boundaryless three-manifold has nonzero mod-two class, without choice or an ambient triangulation. Connected-complement surfaces have independent mod-two homology classes A contractible space has the homology of a point. Contractible nonempty spaces have the homology of a point For mod-two chains on a point, ∂2 is multiplication by 3=1, so its second homology is zero.

Proof

1.1F1F4givenconstruct

The interior of the parametrized PL ball is a contractible boundaryless topological three-manifold. Its second mod-two homology is zero by [F4]. Hence [F1] and [F4] show that its complement of T cannot be connected. The same is true in B: push its outer boundary collar slightly inward, fixing the compact interior torus; if B∖T were connected, its connected pushed image and the collar homotopy would make the interior complement connected. There are exactly two components. Indeed the two open product-collar sides of connected T are connected, and every complementary component must meet one: otherwise its closure misses T and it is open and closed in connected B. More explicitly, at any point of T in the closure of a component, a local flat chart puts some collar-side patch in that component; the connected full side collar then belongs to it. Thus there are at most two components. Their closures W1,W2 are compact orientable topological three-manifolds, with the corresponding copies of T in their boundaries.

2.1A1F3F5step 1.1constructalgebra

If both maps π1(T)→π1(Wi) were injective, choose their coset transversals by [A1]. The given topological product collar gives the connected-overlap van Kampen cover, and [F3] expresses π1(B) as their amalgam with π1(T) embedded. By [F5] this would embed Z2 into the trivial group of the ball, a contradiction. Thus one side boundary map has nontrivial kernel. This conclusion is topological and has required no triangulation of the cut pieces.

3.1A1F1F2F5step 2.1construct∎

Apply [F2]'s ACTUAL TOP triangulation theorem to that compact orientable side Wi, using [A1]. Let q:∣L∣→Wi be its resulting finite manifold triangulation. The preimage q−1(T) of the whole boundary component is a connected PL boundary surface subcomplex; no pre-existing compatibility of the original embedded torus with the original ball triangulation was needed. Conjugating by q identifies its inclusion kernel with the nontrivial kernel from step 2.1. Apply finite PL Loop with that entire boundary component and normal subgroup 1. It supplies a proper embedded PL disk in ∣L∣ with boundary representing a nonidentity element of its torus group. Transport it by q and then by the cut-side inclusion into B. These maps are homeomorphisms on the disk: the disk meets only this single boundary face and its interior misses all boundary faces. Hence its image D is a TOP embedded disk in int⁡B, with D∩T=∂D and essential boundary on T. It is proper in the cut side, as the Statement requires. This completes the unqualified TOP two-sided torus case with the original full AC hypothesis.

Remarks

The triangulation used in the proof is on the TOP cut side. Neither the original torus nor its transported disk has been asserted PL or smooth for the originally supplied ball triangulation. The distinct explicitly PL torus lemma remains the precise supplier for its finite PL consumers.

Depends on

Used by

Nothing in the library uses this result yet.

Dependency tree · two levels

45 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources