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Every embedded torus in a ball is compressible
Statement
Assume full AC. Let be a compact piecewise linear -ball with a finite compatible triangulation, and let be a two-sided embedded torus, where two-sided means that has a product neighborhood with its given central inclusion. Then there is an embedded compressing disk with and essential on . The disk is properly embedded in the closure of one component of : its boundary lies on that component's copy of and its interior lies in the interior of the component.
Statement references
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Full AC, the finite PL ball and the original unqualified two-sided embedded torus with product neighborhood. No PL or smooth compatibility of that torus is assumed.
Full AC is The Axiom of Choice. It permits coset transversals for the possibly untriangulated cut-piece groups below.
Two-sidedness and a compressing disk have the geometric product-neighborhood and essential-boundary conventions of Incompressibility, Seifert fibrations, and JSJ systems. A torus with a topological product neighborhood is locally flat, by its intrinsic surface charts crossed with the interval.
Under full AC every compact TOP3-manifold, boundary allowed, has a finite compatible PL triangulation with its boundary a subcomplex. The finite PL Loop theorem applies to any connected boundary component with nontrivial inclusion kernel. Compact topological three-manifolds admit finite PL triangulations The loop theorem for finitely triangulated orientable PL three-manifolds
Van Kampen gives the pushout for spaces glued along the connected torus product collar. When both side maps are injective, amalgam normal form with coset transversals supplied by [A1] embeds the torus group. Seifert–van Kampen identifies the fundamental group with a group pushout Normal form theorem for free products with amalgamation
A compact locally flat closed surface with connected complement in a boundaryless three-manifold has nonzero mod-two class, without choice or an ambient triangulation. Connected-complement surfaces have independent mod-two homology classes A contractible space has the homology of a point. Contractible nonempty spaces have the homology of a point For mod-two chains on a point, is multiplication by , so its second homology is zero.
The torus group is by the circle and product computations. is an isomorphism
Proof
The interior of the parametrized PL ball is a contractible boundaryless topological three-manifold. Its second mod-two homology is zero by [F4]. Hence [F1] and [F4] show that its complement of cannot be connected. The same is true in : push its outer boundary collar slightly inward, fixing the compact interior torus; if were connected, its connected pushed image and the collar homotopy would make the interior complement connected. There are exactly two components. Indeed the two open product-collar sides of connected are connected, and every complementary component must meet one: otherwise its closure misses and it is open and closed in connected . More explicitly, at any point of in the closure of a component, a local flat chart puts some collar-side patch in that component; the connected full side collar then belongs to it. Thus there are at most two components. Their closures are compact orientable topological three-manifolds, with the corresponding copies of in their boundaries.
If both maps were injective, choose their coset transversals by [A1]. The given topological product collar gives the connected-overlap van Kampen cover, and [F3] expresses as their amalgam with embedded. By [F5] this would embed into the trivial group of the ball, a contradiction. Thus one side boundary map has nontrivial kernel. This conclusion is topological and has required no triangulation of the cut pieces.
Apply [F2]'s ACTUAL TOP triangulation theorem to that compact orientable side , using [A1]. Let be its resulting finite manifold triangulation. The preimage of the whole boundary component is a connected PL boundary surface subcomplex; no pre-existing compatibility of the original embedded torus with the original ball triangulation was needed. Conjugating by identifies its inclusion kernel with the nontrivial kernel from step 2.1. Apply finite PL Loop with that entire boundary component and normal subgroup . It supplies a proper embedded PL disk in with boundary representing a nonidentity element of its torus group. Transport it by and then by the cut-side inclusion into . These maps are homeomorphisms on the disk: the disk meets only this single boundary face and its interior misses all boundary faces. Hence its image is a TOP embedded disk in , with and essential boundary on . It is proper in the cut side, as the Statement requires. This completes the unqualified TOP two-sided torus case with the original full AC hypothesis.
Remarks
The triangulation used in the proof is on the TOP cut side. Neither the original torus nor its transported disk has been asserted PL or smooth for the originally supplied ball triangulation. The distinct explicitly PL torus lemma remains the precise supplier for its finite PL consumers.
Depends on
- Incompressibility, Seifert fibrations, and JSJ systems
- Contractible nonempty spaces have the homology of a point
- $\operatorname{Deg}:\pi_1(\mathbb R/\mathbb Z,[0])\to(\mathbb Z,+)$ is an isomorphism
- $\pi_1(X\times Y,(x_0,y_0))\cong\pi_1(X,x_0)\times\pi_1(Y,y_0)$
- The loop theorem for finitely triangulated orientable PL three-manifolds
- Seifert–van Kampen identifies the fundamental group with a group pushout
- Normal form theorem for free products with amalgamation
- The Axiom of Choice
Used by
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Sources
- Allen Hatcher, Notes on Basic 3-Manifold Topology (standard reference, not scraped)
- Ryan Budney, JSJ-decompositions of knot and link complements in the 3-sphere (standard reference, not scraped)