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Trivial C¹ holonomy gives a saturated product neighbourhood

Statement

Let F be a transversely oriented C1 codimension-one foliation of a smooth manifold M, and let L be a compact leaf with trivial C1 holonomy (Holonomy of a C¹ foliation is a representation into C¹ transverse germs). Then there are an open interval D and a saturated open neighbourhood U of L with a C1 foliated diffeomorphism (U,F∣U)≅(L×D, {L×{t}}t∈D), that is, a C1 diffeomorphism carrying the foliation F∣U onto the product foliation by the slices.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A transversely oriented C1 codimension-one foliation F of a smooth manifold M and a compact leaf L whose holonomy representation ρx:π1(L,x)→Diff⁡x1,+(T) is trivial for every x∈L and every local transversal T.

[F1]

A compact leaf of a C1 codimension-one foliation is an embedded C1 hypersurface, and the plaque transport along leafwise paths defines a homomorphism from π1(L,x) whose triviality means that the transport germ along every leafwise loop is the identity (A compact C¹ foliation leaf is an embedded hypersurface, Holonomy of a C¹ foliation is a representation into C¹ transverse germs).

[F2]

A C1 foliation atlas has charts (z,t) with plaques t=constant and transverse coordinate changes t↦h(t) that are one-dimensional C1 local diffeomorphisms; a finite chain of such changes composes to a C1 local diffeomorphism germ (C¹ codimension-one regular foliations and transverse orientation).

[F3]

A C1 map between Euclidean spaces whose derivative at a point is invertible is a local C1 diffeomorphism near that point (The Euclidean inverse function theorem).

[F4]

An open set is saturated for F when it is a union of leaves; the leaves of a connected leaf are connected (Saturated neighbourhoods of a leaf).

[F5]

Finite products of compact spaces are compact in the product topology, a Euclidean closed ball and in particular a closed interval of R is compact, and a topological space is compact exactly when every family of its closed subsets with the finite intersection property has nonempty intersection (A product of finitely many compact spaces is compact in the product topology, For n≥1, every Euclidean closed ball and every Euclidean sphere of positive radius is compact, A space is compact exactly when every family of closed subsets with the finite intersection property has nonempty intersection, Open cover, subcover, and compact topological space; a compact subset is a subspace that is compact in its own right).

[F7]

Smooth chart bumps supported in any prescribed point neighborhood exist without a choice axiom (A chart bump at a point with prescribed support). A smooth vector field has a smooth local flow with open time-domain (The fundamental theorem on flows).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1F1F3F5F6

(Compact injectivity.) For completeness, let G:L×I→M be a local diffeomorphism with G(p,0)=p, and choose a closed interval [−e,e]⊂I. If no smaller interval gives injectivity, the closures of its distinct equal-image pairs in the compact space (L×[−e,e])2, restricted to parameters of absolute value at most 1/n, form nested nonempty closed sets. F5 gives a common point. Continuity and F6 force its parameters to be zero and its two base points to coincide. A local inverse neighborhood at that central point contains no distinct equal-image pair, contradicting membership in the closure. Thus such a map is injective on a smaller interval about zero.

1.2F1F2F5choose

(Normalized chart first integrals.) Fix a transversal T at x∈L with positive coordinate t vanishing at x. Choose finitely many connected plaque neighborhoods Bi⊆L in foliation charts with positive transverse coordinate ti and L given there by ti=0, and smaller relatively open Ai covering L with Ai‾⊆Bi. Each closure is compact. Choose one point xi∈Bi and one leafwise path from x to xi. Its finite chart chain gives an actual positive C1 transverse-coordinate diffeomorphism hi near zero, from the coordinate on T to ti. On a neighborhood of Ai‾ define the C1 first integral ri=hi−1∘ti, shrinking its domain so the inverse is defined. For any p∈Bi, continuing that path inside the connected plaque Bi identifies the same label ri with the starting coordinate t.

2.1F1F3F5F6F7step 1.1construct

(A transverse collar.) Consider all pairs consisting of a smooth ambient coordinate vector, positively transverse to the continuous tangent hyperplanes of L on its coordinate neighborhood, and a nonnegative chart bump supported there. Such vectors exist locally by continuity, and the positive sets of the bumps from F7 cover L. Retain finitely many and sum the corresponding nonnegative bump multiples of the vectors, extending each summand by zero. The resulting smooth field V is positively transverse along L. Its flow gives a C1 map C(p,s)=Fl⁡sV(p) on L×(−a,a) for some a>0 by compactness. At (p,0) its derivative is (v,b)↦v+bVp, hence invertible by F3. After shortening a, C is a local diffeomorphism everywhere and injective: the compact bad-pair argument in step 1.1 applies to any such map equal to the inclusion at s=0. Thus C is a C1 collar; write P(C(p,s))=p for its C1 projection. The finite bump selection uses compactness, not a partition of unity on an arbitrary cover or an additional choice axiom.

3.1F1F2F3F5step 2.1step 1.2

(Equality on actual overlaps.) If p∈Bi∩Bj, the two paths from x to p just described differ by a loop in L. Its transport germ is the identity by F1. Hence ri and rj agree as transverse-coordinate germs on the collar fibre through p. Locally both are functions of one foliation-chart transverse coordinate, whose restriction to that fibre is a local diffeomorphism; equality on a small fibre interval therefore implies equality on an ambient neighborhood of p. The compact set Kij=Ai‾∩Aj‾⊆Bi∩Bj has a neighborhood on which these actual functions agree. There are finitely many pairs. Compactness in the collar gives one b>0 such that each ri is defined on C(Ai‾×[−b,b]) and every such pair agrees on C(Kij×[−b,b]). The functions thus glue on the open collar C(L×(−b,b)) to a C1 function r constant on local plaques, with r(p)=0 on L and ∂s(r∘C)(p,0)>0. This is a finite compact-overlap argument; it imposes no simultaneous equality on an arbitrary family of path representatives.

4.1F2F3F5F8step 3.1construct

(The product map.) Shorten b so that ∂s(r∘C)>0 on L×[−b,b]. The endpoint values at s=−b are negative and those at s=b positive, uniformly away from zero by compactness. Choose d>0 smaller than both absolute endpoint bounds and set D0=(−d,d). For each (p,t)∈L×D0, the intermediate value theorem and strict monotonicity give a unique s∈(−b,b) with r(C(p,s))=t. The map (p,s)↦(p,r(C(p,s))) has invertible derivative, so its inverse is C1 by F3. Composing with C yields Φ:L×D0→M, with P(Φ(p,t))=p, r(Φ(p,t))=t and Φ(p,0)=p. It is a local diffeomorphism and carries every connected slice into one leaf, because the level sets of r are locally precisely plaques. This includes point leaves when dim⁡M=1.

5.1F1F3F4F5F6step 4.1

(Saturation.) The identities P(Φ(p,t))=p and r(Φ(p,t))=t make Φ injective; take D=D0. Its image U is open. A slice image is nonempty, compact, connected and open in its intrinsic leaf topology; the intrinsic inclusion is continuous by its local plaque expressions. That leaf is Hausdorff, so this compact image is also closed there and therefore is the whole connected leaf. Hence U is saturated, and the injective local diffeomorphism Φ is a foliated C1 diffeomorphism onto U.

6.1step 5.1∎

Thus (U,F∣U)≅(L×D,{L×{t}}) is the required saturated C1 product neighborhood. Only finitely many chart, path and bump choices were used.

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