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Trivial C¹ holonomy gives a saturated product neighbourhood
Statement
Let be a transversely oriented codimension-one foliation of a smooth manifold , and let be a compact leaf with trivial holonomy (Holonomy of a C¹ foliation is a representation into C¹ transverse germs). Then there are an open interval and a saturated open neighbourhood of with a foliated diffeomorphism that is, a diffeomorphism carrying the foliation onto the product foliation by the slices.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A transversely oriented codimension-one foliation of a smooth manifold and a compact leaf whose holonomy representation is trivial for every and every local transversal .
A compact leaf of a codimension-one foliation is an embedded hypersurface, and the plaque transport along leafwise paths defines a homomorphism from whose triviality means that the transport germ along every leafwise loop is the identity (A compact C¹ foliation leaf is an embedded hypersurface, Holonomy of a C¹ foliation is a representation into C¹ transverse germs).
A foliation atlas has charts with plaques and transverse coordinate changes that are one-dimensional local diffeomorphisms; a finite chain of such changes composes to a local diffeomorphism germ (C¹ codimension-one regular foliations and transverse orientation).
A map between Euclidean spaces whose derivative at a point is invertible is a local diffeomorphism near that point (The Euclidean inverse function theorem).
An open set is saturated for when it is a union of leaves; the leaves of a connected leaf are connected (Saturated neighbourhoods of a leaf).
Finite products of compact spaces are compact in the product topology, a Euclidean closed ball and in particular a closed interval of is compact, and a topological space is compact exactly when every family of its closed subsets with the finite intersection property has nonempty intersection (A product of finitely many compact spaces is compact in the product topology, For , every Euclidean closed ball and every Euclidean sphere of positive radius is compact, A space is compact exactly when every family of closed subsets with the finite intersection property has nonempty intersection, Open cover, subcover, and compact topological space; a compact subset is a subspace that is compact in its own right).
If is a topological space, is Hausdorff and are continuous, then is closed in ; every smooth manifold is Hausdorff (For continuous with Hausdorff the agreement set is closed in , Topological manifolds without boundary: Hausdorff, second-countable, and locally Euclidean spaces, Hausdorff space: distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods; every metrizable space is Hausdorff and the indiscrete topology on two points is not, Smooth manifolds and their smooth charts).
Smooth chart bumps supported in any prescribed point neighborhood exist without a choice axiom (A chart bump at a point with prescribed support). A smooth vector field has a smooth local flow with open time-domain (The fundamental theorem on flows).
A continuous real function on a closed interval takes every value between its endpoint values (Intermediate value theorem, by bisection with a canonical left-half rule: a continuous function on takes every value between and ).
Proof
(Compact injectivity.) For completeness, let be a local diffeomorphism with , and choose a closed interval . If no smaller interval gives injectivity, the closures of its distinct equal-image pairs in the compact space , restricted to parameters of absolute value at most , form nested nonempty closed sets. F5 gives a common point. Continuity and F6 force its parameters to be zero and its two base points to coincide. A local inverse neighborhood at that central point contains no distinct equal-image pair, contradicting membership in the closure. Thus such a map is injective on a smaller interval about zero.
(Normalized chart first integrals.) Fix a transversal at with positive coordinate vanishing at . Choose finitely many connected plaque neighborhoods in foliation charts with positive transverse coordinate and given there by , and smaller relatively open covering with . Each closure is compact. Choose one point and one leafwise path from to . Its finite chart chain gives an actual positive transverse-coordinate diffeomorphism near zero, from the coordinate on to . On a neighborhood of define the first integral , shrinking its domain so the inverse is defined. For any , continuing that path inside the connected plaque identifies the same label with the starting coordinate .
(A transverse collar.) Consider all pairs consisting of a smooth ambient coordinate vector, positively transverse to the continuous tangent hyperplanes of on its coordinate neighborhood, and a nonnegative chart bump supported there. Such vectors exist locally by continuity, and the positive sets of the bumps from F7 cover . Retain finitely many and sum the corresponding nonnegative bump multiples of the vectors, extending each summand by zero. The resulting smooth field is positively transverse along . Its flow gives a map on for some by compactness. At its derivative is , hence invertible by F3. After shortening , is a local diffeomorphism everywhere and injective: the compact bad-pair argument in step 1.1 applies to any such map equal to the inclusion at . Thus is a collar; write for its projection. The finite bump selection uses compactness, not a partition of unity on an arbitrary cover or an additional choice axiom.
(Equality on actual overlaps.) If , the two paths from to just described differ by a loop in . Its transport germ is the identity by F1. Hence and agree as transverse-coordinate germs on the collar fibre through . Locally both are functions of one foliation-chart transverse coordinate, whose restriction to that fibre is a local diffeomorphism; equality on a small fibre interval therefore implies equality on an ambient neighborhood of . The compact set has a neighborhood on which these actual functions agree. There are finitely many pairs. Compactness in the collar gives one such that each is defined on and every such pair agrees on . The functions thus glue on the open collar to a function constant on local plaques, with on and . This is a finite compact-overlap argument; it imposes no simultaneous equality on an arbitrary family of path representatives.
(The product map.) Shorten so that on . The endpoint values at are negative and those at positive, uniformly away from zero by compactness. Choose smaller than both absolute endpoint bounds and set . For each , the intermediate value theorem and strict monotonicity give a unique with . The map has invertible derivative, so its inverse is by F3. Composing with yields , with , and . It is a local diffeomorphism and carries every connected slice into one leaf, because the level sets of are locally precisely plaques. This includes point leaves when .
(Saturation.) The identities and make injective; take . Its image is open. A slice image is nonempty, compact, connected and open in its intrinsic leaf topology; the intrinsic inclusion is continuous by its local plaque expressions. That leaf is Hausdorff, so this compact image is also closed there and therefore is the whole connected leaf. Hence is saturated, and the injective local diffeomorphism is a foliated diffeomorphism onto .
Thus is the required saturated product neighborhood. Only finitely many chart, path and bump choices were used.
Depends on
- A chart bump at a point with prescribed support
- The fundamental theorem on flows
- Intermediate value theorem, by bisection with a canonical left-half rule: a continuous function on $[a,b]$ takes every value between $f(a)$ and $f(b)$
- C¹ codimension-one regular foliations and transverse orientation
- Holonomy of a C¹ foliation is a representation into C¹ transverse germs
- Open cover, subcover, and compact topological space; a compact subset is a subspace that is compact in its own right
- Saturated neighbourhoods of a leaf
- Smooth manifolds and their smooth charts
- The Euclidean inverse function theorem
- Embedded submanifolds and slice charts
- A compact C¹ foliation leaf is an embedded hypersurface
- A product of finitely many compact spaces is compact in the product topology
- For $n\ge1$, every Euclidean closed ball and every Euclidean sphere of positive radius is compact
- A space is compact exactly when every family of closed subsets with the finite intersection property has nonempty intersection
- For continuous $f, g : Z \to Y$ with $Y$ Hausdorff the agreement set $\{ z \in Z : f(z) = g(z) \}$ is closed in $Z$
- Topological manifolds without boundary: Hausdorff, second-countable, and locally Euclidean spaces
- Hausdorff space: distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods; every metrizable space is Hausdorff and the indiscrete topology on two points is not
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Sources
- Danny Calegari, Foliations and the Geometry of 3-Manifolds (Oxford Mathematical Monographs; complete author-hosted PDF) (standard reference, not scraped)
- David Gabai, Commentary on Thurston's Foliations and the Thurston norm (standard reference, not scraped)