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The universal oriented sphere-bundle total space has the homotopy type of BSO(n-1)
Statement
Assume AC and let . In the oriented Grassmannian model let be the tautological oriented bundle with its Euclidean metric, and put with projection .
- The actual sphere bundle is a Hurewicz fibration. The complement map is a homotopy equivalence. Orient its target plane so that is positive in whenever is positive in . Thus the notation denotes this fibration with a homotopy-equivalent model for its total space, not a literal replacement by a homeomorphic Grassmannian.
- On the actual total space, the orientation-preserving ordered splitting is where the positive generator of the first summand is the tautological unit vector . Interchanging the two factors changes the ordered orientation by .
- With integral coefficients, .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The stable weak direct-limit models and the Euclidean metrics in the statement.
AC is assumed for the paracompact numerations, CW-type comparison and Euler-class results below. (The Axiom of Choice).
The finite Stiefel space consists of orthonormal frames; its Grassmannian quotient has graph charts locally trivializing the tautological bundle. Stable models carry the weak topology of the finite stages. The oriented model is the quotient by ; for positive rank its orientation-forgetting map to the ordinary real Grassmannian is a double cover. The ordinary stable Grassmannian is a CW complex. (Stiefel spaces, Grassmannians, and tautological bundles, Oriented Grassmannians and the tautological oriented bundle, Schubert cells give the stable Grassmannian CW structure).
Stable Stiefel spaces are contractible. For the even-coordinate embedding , the Gram-normalized injective paths give a continuous homotopy of orthonormal frames from the identity to . (Stable Stiefel space is contractible).
A numerable bundle with compact Hausdorff fiber over a paracompact Hausdorff base has paracompact Hausdorff total space; if the base is compactly generated, then the total space is compactly generated and hence CGWH, and if base and fiber have CW type then so does the total space. A numerable fiber bundle is a Hurewicz fibration. (Compact-fibre bundle totals preserve paracompactness, and CW type under CW-type hypotheses, Numerable fiber bundles are hurewicz fibrations).
An increasing compact-Hausdorff exhaustion with the weak direct-limit topology is paracompact, with support-subordinate locally finite partitions of unity for its open covers (Hatcher, Vector Bundles & K-Theory, Proposition 1.19, printed p.36, with the convention on p.35). Applied to the finite Grassmannian stages, this supplies numerations of their stable bundle charts.
A vector bundle has continuous linear local charts; an orientation is a continuous choice of fiber orientations. Euler classes are natural on numerable oriented bundles over paracompact Hausdorff CGWH bases of CW type, and a nowhere-zero section of a positive-rank bundle in that scope forces its Euler class to vanish. The ordered-sum swap has sign for ranks . (Real and complex topological vector bundles, Oriented real bundles and oriented frame bundles, Naturality, orientation sign, and Whitney product for Euler classes, A nowhere-zero section forces the Euler class to vanish).
Proof
Local charts and admissibility. Finite Stiefel spaces are closed bounded subsets of finite matrix spaces and hence compact Hausdorff; quotienting orthonormal frames by the compact orthogonal or special orthogonal group gives compact Hausdorff Grassmannians, with closed coordinate inclusions. Their stable weak topologies satisfy [F4]. The graph charts of [F1] lift to the two oriented sheets; orthonormalizing the graph frame gives continuous oriented isometric bundle charts, compatible in the finite stages. They trivialize the sphere bundle with fiber and the orientation cover with fiber two points. Their numerations exist by [F4]. The ordinary Grassmannian is a CW complex by [F1], hence is compactly generated and CGWH. Applying the compact-fiber result [F3] to the orientation cover makes paracompact Hausdorff, CGWH, and of CW type. Applying it again to makes paracompact Hausdorff, CGWH, and of CW type. The numerable sphere bundle is a Hurewicz fibration by [F3]. Thus both bases needed below lie in the Euler-class scope of [F5].
Adapted frames and the complement. The continuous map from sending an oriented orthonormal frame to identifies with the quotient by the subgroup . To check the topology and local sections, in any oriented isometric bundle chart and near a fixed unit vector, project a fixed basis of its perpendicular plane onto the varying perpendicular plane and apply finite Gram orthonormalization; independence persists on an open neighborhood, and the orientation sign is constant there. This supplies adapted-frame charts and proves the quotient identification. Dropping the first vector therefore induces the continuous complement map with exactly the displayed orientation.
Define a candidate inverse. Fix the first standard vector , orthogonal to the image of . For an oriented -plane put On frames this is the continuous map , equivariant for the frame changes defining the quotients, so it induces a continuous map . Its composite is the even-coordinate embedding on oriented planes.
Descent of the parity homotopies. Write a frame as a column matrix and the homotopy in [F2] as . If is orthogonal, the positive Gram matrix for is , whose inverse square root is its conjugate by ; this follows from uniqueness of the positive square root. Hence . In rank , the homotopy descends to oriented planes and gives . In rank , it descends by the subgroup in step 1.2 to a homotopy from to . There is no continuity inference merely from pointwise formulas: [F2] gives continuity on stable frames times the interval, and the orbit quotient is open (the saturation of an open set is a union of translates). Its product with the identity of the interval is therefore also an open quotient, so both equivariant homotopies descend continuously.
Complete the homotopy on . For a point represented by the adapted frame , rotate its even-coordinate frame through These vectors are orthonormal: is perpendicular to all even coordinates and . The formula is equivariant for on the last columns and is continuous on the stable frame space (addition and scalar multiplication here are the finite-stage operations used in [F2]); the same open-quotient argument as in step 3.1 gives a continuous homotopy on . At the final endpoint this is . Concatenate with step 3.1 to get . Together with this proves the homotopy equivalence, with an explicit inverse.
Splitting and Euler vanishing. Over the map is a linear isometric isomorphism ; its inverse sends to . Both vary continuously in the charts of step 1.1. The chosen complement orientation makes this isomorphism orientation preserving with the trivial line first. The factor-swap sign is by [F5]. The section never vanishes. The pullback bundle is numerable by pulling back the numeration of , and both its base and the original base are paracompact Hausdorff CGWH spaces of CW type by step 1.1. Thus [F5] gives with integral coefficients.
Boundary and model conventions. For , the complement has rank one and , since is trivial. It is the contractible infinite unit sphere by [F2], not literally a point. Step 4.1 consequently makes contractible; the actual fibration retains its circle fiber. The bases are nonempty and ranks zero and one are outside the assertion's n-range. The coefficient ring is throughout. No assertion identifies the fixed Grassmannian total-space model homeomorphically with ; the fibration and splitting are on , and is the explicit homotopy equivalence carrying its complement bundle.
Depends on
- Oriented Grassmannians and the tautological oriented bundle
- Stiefel spaces, Grassmannians, and tautological bundles
- Stable Stiefel space is contractible
- Schubert cells give the stable Grassmannian CW structure
- Compact-fibre bundle totals preserve paracompactness, and CW type under CW-type hypotheses
- Numerable fiber bundles are hurewicz fibrations
- A nowhere-zero section forces the Euler class to vanish
- Naturality, orientation sign, and Whitney product for Euler classes
- Real and complex topological vector bundles
- Oriented real bundles and oriented frame bundles
- The Axiom of Choice
Used by
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Sources
- Miller, MIT 18.906 Algebraic Topology II, Lectures 35-36 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Hatcher, Vector Bundles & K-Theory, Theorem 3.16 proof (standard reference, not scraped)