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The universal oriented sphere-bundle total space has the homotopy type of BSO(n-1)

Statement

Assume AC and let n2. In the oriented Grassmannian model Bn=Grn+(R) let γn+Bn be the tautological oriented bundle with its Euclidean metric, and put Sn=S(γn+) with projection p:SnBn.

  1. The actual sphere bundle Sn1SnpBn is a Hurewicz fibration. The complement map r:SnBn1,(V,o,v)vV is a homotopy equivalence. Orient its target plane W=vV so that (v,w1,,wn1) is positive in (V,o) whenever (w1,,wn1) is positive in W. Thus the notation Sn1BSO(n1)BSO(n) denotes this fibration with a homotopy-equivalent model for its total space, not a literal replacement by a homeomorphic Grassmannian.
  2. On the actual total space, the orientation-preserving ordered splitting is pγn+ε1rγn1+, where the positive generator of the first summand is the tautological unit vector v. Interchanging the two factors changes the ordered orientation by (1)n1.
  3. With integral coefficients, pe(γn+)=0.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The stable weak direct-limit models and the Euclidean metrics in the statement.

[A1]

AC is assumed for the paracompact numerations, CW-type comparison and Euler-class results below. (The Axiom of Choice).

[F1]

The finite Stiefel space consists of orthonormal frames; its Grassmannian quotient has graph charts locally trivializing the tautological bundle. Stable models carry the weak topology of the finite stages. The oriented model is the quotient by SO(n); for positive rank its orientation-forgetting map to the ordinary real Grassmannian is a double cover. The ordinary stable Grassmannian is a CW complex. (Stiefel spaces, Grassmannians, and tautological bundles, Oriented Grassmannians and the tautological oriented bundle, Schubert cells give the stable Grassmannian CW structure).

[F2]

Stable Stiefel spaces are contractible. For the even-coordinate embedding P(ej)=e2j, the Gram-normalized injective paths Lt=(1t)I+tP give a continuous homotopy of orthonormal frames from the identity to P. (Stable Stiefel space is contractible).

[F3]

A numerable bundle with compact Hausdorff fiber over a paracompact Hausdorff base has paracompact Hausdorff total space; if the base is compactly generated, then the total space is compactly generated and hence CGWH, and if base and fiber have CW type then so does the total space. A numerable fiber bundle is a Hurewicz fibration. (Compact-fibre bundle totals preserve paracompactness, and CW type under CW-type hypotheses, Numerable fiber bundles are hurewicz fibrations).

[F4]

An increasing compact-Hausdorff exhaustion with the weak direct-limit topology is paracompact, with support-subordinate locally finite partitions of unity for its open covers (Hatcher, Vector Bundles & K-Theory, Proposition 1.19, printed p.36, with the convention on p.35). Applied to the finite Grassmannian stages, this supplies numerations of their stable bundle charts.

[F5]

A vector bundle has continuous linear local charts; an orientation is a continuous choice of fiber orientations. Euler classes are natural on numerable oriented bundles over paracompact Hausdorff CGWH bases of CW type, and a nowhere-zero section of a positive-rank bundle in that scope forces its Euler class to vanish. The ordered-sum swap has sign (1)ab for ranks a,b. (Real and complex topological vector bundles, Oriented real bundles and oriented frame bundles, Naturality, orientation sign, and Whitney product for Euler classes, A nowhere-zero section forces the Euler class to vanish).

Proof

technique · construct explicit homotopy inverses and the splitting
1.1

Local charts and admissibility. Finite Stiefel spaces are closed bounded subsets of finite matrix spaces and hence compact Hausdorff; quotienting orthonormal frames by the compact orthogonal or special orthogonal group gives compact Hausdorff Grassmannians, with closed coordinate inclusions. Their stable weak topologies satisfy [F4]. The graph charts of [F1] lift to the two oriented sheets; orthonormalizing the graph frame gives continuous oriented isometric bundle charts, compatible in the finite stages. They trivialize the sphere bundle with fiber Sn1 and the orientation cover with fiber two points. Their numerations exist by [F4]. The ordinary Grassmannian is a CW complex by [F1], hence is compactly generated and CGWH. Applying the compact-fiber result [F3] to the orientation cover makes Bn paracompact Hausdorff, CGWH, and of CW type. Applying it again to p makes Sn paracompact Hausdorff, CGWH, and of CW type. The numerable sphere bundle is a Hurewicz fibration by [F3]. Thus both bases needed below lie in the Euler-class scope of [F5].

A1F1F3F4F5
1.2

Adapted frames and the complement. The continuous map from Vn(R) sending an oriented orthonormal frame (v,w1,,wn1) to (V,o,v) identifies Sn with the quotient by the subgroup diag(1,SO(n1)). To check the topology and local sections, in any oriented isometric bundle chart and near a fixed unit vector, project a fixed basis of its perpendicular plane onto the varying perpendicular plane and apply finite Gram orthonormalization; independence persists on an open neighborhood, and the orientation sign is constant there. This supplies adapted-frame charts and proves the quotient identification. Dropping the first vector therefore induces the continuous complement map r:SnBn1 with exactly the displayed orientation.

F1F5algebra
2.1

Define a candidate inverse. Fix the first standard vector e1, orthogonal to the image of P. For an oriented (n1)-plane (W,oW) put s(W,oW)=(Re1PW, (e1,PoW), e1). On frames this is the continuous map (w1,,wn1)(e1,Pw1,,Pwn1), equivariant for the frame changes defining the quotients, so it induces a continuous map s:Bn1Sn. Its composite rs is the even-coordinate embedding on oriented planes.

F1F2step 1.2
3.1

Descent of the parity homotopies. Write a frame as a column matrix A and the homotopy in [F2] as Kt(A)=LtA(ATLtTLtA)1/2. If Q is orthogonal, the positive Gram matrix for AQ is QT(ATLtTLtA)Q, whose inverse square root is its conjugate by Q; this follows from uniqueness of the positive square root. Hence Kt(AQ)=Kt(A)Q. In rank n1, the homotopy descends to oriented planes and gives idBn1rs. In rank n, it descends by the subgroup in step 1.2 to a homotopy from idSn to (V,o,v)(PV,Po,Pv). There is no continuity inference merely from pointwise formulas: [F2] gives continuity on stable frames times the interval, and the orbit quotient is open (the saturation of an open set is a union of translates). Its product with the identity of the interval is therefore also an open quotient, so both equivariant homotopies descend continuously.

F1F2step 1.2step 2.1algebra
4.1

Complete the homotopy on Sn. For a point represented by the adapted frame (v,w1,,wn1), rotate its even-coordinate frame through (cosθPv+sinθe1, Pw1,,Pwn1),0θπ/2. These vectors are orthonormal: e1 is perpendicular to all even coordinates and PvPwj. The formula is equivariant for SO(n1) on the last columns and is continuous on the stable frame space (addition and scalar multiplication here are the finite-stage operations used in [F2]); the same open-quotient argument as in step 3.1 gives a continuous homotopy on Sn. At the final endpoint this is (Re1PW,(e1,PoW),e1)=sr(V,o,v). Concatenate with step 3.1 to get idSnsr. Together with rsid this proves the homotopy equivalence, with an explicit inverse.

F1F2step 1.2step 2.1step 3.1algebra
5.1

Splitting and Euler vanishing. Over (V,o,v) the map (a,w)av+w is a linear isometric isomorphism R(vV)V; its inverse sends z to (z,v,zz,vv). Both vary continuously in the charts of step 1.1. The chosen complement orientation makes this isomorphism orientation preserving with the trivial line first. The factor-swap sign is (1)n1 by [F5]. The section (V,o,v)v never vanishes. The pullback bundle is numerable by pulling back the numeration of γn+, and both its base and the original base are paracompact Hausdorff CGWH spaces of CW type by step 1.1. Thus [F5] gives pe(γn+)=e(pγn+)=0 with integral coefficients.

F5step 1.1step 1.2step 4.1algebra
6.1

Boundary and model conventions. For n=2, the complement has rank one and B1=Gr1+(R)=V1(R), since SO(1) is trivial. It is the contractible infinite unit sphere by [F2], not literally a point. Step 4.1 consequently makes S2 contractible; the actual fibration retains its circle fiber. The bases are nonempty and ranks zero and one are outside the assertion's n-range. The coefficient ring is Z throughout. No assertion identifies the fixed Grassmannian total-space model homeomorphically with Sn; the fibration and splitting are on Sn, and r is the explicit homotopy equivalence carrying its complement bundle.

F1F2step 1.1step 4.1step 5.1

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