Alphabeta Math
PropositionStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-08-31
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A vector bundle section with surjective vertical differential at every zero has a submanifold zero set

Statement

Let π:E→M be a smooth rank-r vector bundle and let s:M→E be a smooth section. For a zero p of s, define the vertical differential Dvsp:TpM→Ep as the induced map from dsp:TpM→T0pE after quotienting by the tangent space to the zero section. If Dvsp is surjective at every zero of s, then the zero set Z(s)={p∈M:s(p)=0p} is an embedded submanifold of codimension r.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A smooth section s:M→E of a smooth rank-r vector bundle.

[L1]

In a local frame, smoothness of a section is equivalent to smoothness of its component map to Rr (Smoothness of a section is equivalent to smooth local components).

[L2]

A regular level set is an embedded submanifold (A regular level set is an embedded submanifold).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1L1given

Let p∈Z(s) and choose a local frame near p. Then s(x)=∑ifi(x)ei(x) for a smooth map f=(f1,…,fr):U→Rr. Because s(p)=0p, one has f(p)=0. Under a change of frame by a matrix A(x), the new component map is A(x)f(x), whose derivative at p is A(p)dfp because the term (dA)pf(p) vanishes. Thus surjectivity of the vertical differential is exactly surjectivity of dfp, independent of the chosen frame.

2.1L2step 1.1algebra∎

Near p, the zero set of s is therefore the zero set of the component map f, and 0∈Rr is a regular value because dfp is surjective. By [L2], f−1(0) is an embedded submanifold of codimension r. Doing this at every zero proves that Z(s) is an embedded submanifold of codimension r.

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