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PropositionStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedaudited 2026-09-22
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Conjugacy classes meet T in Weyl orbits

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let G be a compact connected Lie group with maximal torus T. Every conjugacy class of G meets T, and two elements t,tT are conjugate in G exactly when t=wt for some element w of the Weyl group W(G,T)=NG(T)/T.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Assume the Axiom of Choice, a compact connected Lie group G, a maximal torus TG, and t,tT.

[A1]

The Axiom of Choice is The Axiom of Choice; it enters through the covering theorem [L1], the conjugacy theorem [L2], and the closed-subgroup theorem used in [L4] via its countable-choice hypothesis.

[L1]

Every element of G lies in a maximal torus (Every element lies in a maximal torus).

[L2]

Any two maximal tori of G are conjugate (Conjugacy of maximal tori).

[L3]

The Weyl group is W(G,T)=NG(T)/T, and w=gT acts on T by (gT)t=gtg1, which lies in T because g normalizes T; the action is well defined (Compact Weyl group).

[L4]

For a fixed xG, the centralizer CG(x) is closed because it is the equalizer of the continuous maps ggx and gxg. Under countable choice it is therefore an embedded Lie subgroup by Cartan closed subgroup theorem, and its identity component CG(x)0 is a compact connected Lie group. Every connected subgroup of CG(x) containing the identity lies in this identity component (The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω)).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

Let xG. By [L1] there is a maximal torus M with xM, and by [L2] there is gG with M=gTg1; then g1xgT, so the conjugacy class of x meets T.

L1L2
1.2

Suppose t=gtg1 for some gG. Put M:=gTg1, a maximal torus containing t. Both T and M lie in CG(t) and, being connected and containing the identity, lie in the compact connected Lie group H:=CG(t)0 by [L4]. A torus of H properly containing T or M would also be a torus of G properly containing a maximal torus of G; hence T and M are maximal tori of H.

L4
2.1

By [L2] applied to the compact connected Lie group H, there is hH with hTh1=M=gTg1. Then n:=g1hNG(T), and since h centralizes t we obtain t=h1th=h1(gtg1)h=n1tn; hence t lies in the W(G,T)-orbit of t by [L3].

L2L3step 1.2
3.1

Conversely, if t=ntn1 for some nNG(T), then t=ntn1 is conjugate to t and lies in T; hence conjugacy in G between points of T is exactly the orbit relation of the Weyl group action, and by step 1.1 every conjugacy class meets T. The Axiom of Choice entered through [L1], [L2], and the countable-choice closed-subgroup input in [L4].

A1L3step 1.1step 2.1

Depends on

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