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Smooth commutative affine algebraic groups over algebraically closed fields are trigonalizable

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let k be an algebraically closed field and let G be a smooth commutative affine algebraic group of finite type over k (Affine schemes and their coordinate rings, Smooth morphism of schemes), together with a finite-dimensional rational representation on V (Rational representations and comodules of an affine group scheme). Then there is a basis of V for which G acts through upper triangular matrices. In particular every smooth commutative affine algebraic group over an algebraically closed field is trigonalizable (Group schemes of finite type over a field, Trigonalizable groups, invariant flags and embeddings into T_n).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The Axiom of Choice, an algebraically closed field k, a smooth commutative affine finite-type k-group G, and a finite-dimensional representation V of G.

[F1]

The images of the k-points G(k) in GL⁡(V) form a commuting family of linear operators, and the characteristic polynomial of each g∈G(k) splits over the algebraically closed field k. (Rational representations and comodules of an affine group scheme)

[F2]

A commuting family of endomorphisms of a finite-dimensional vector space over an algebraically closed field, each of whose characteristic polynomials splits, admits a basis in which all the endomorphisms are upper triangular. (A commuting split family is simultaneously triangularisable)

[F3]

Assume AC. For a smooth finite-type k-scheme G over an algebraically closed field, G(k) is schematically dense: a closed subscheme H⊆G with H(k)=G(k) equals G. (Rational points of smooth finite-type schemes over a separably closed field are schematically dense)

[F4]

A group G is trigonalizable if every finite-dimensional representation admits a basis with G acting by upper triangular matrices. (Trigonalizable groups, invariant flags and embeddings into T_n)

Proof

Given: The Axiom of Choice, an algebraically closed field k, a smooth commutative affine k-group G, and a finite-dimensional representation V.

1.1F1F2

By [F1] the operators in the image of G(k) commute pairwise and have splitting characteristic polynomials, so [F2] provides a basis of V in which every g∈G(k) is upper triangular. Fix such a basis and let H=G∩Tn be the closed subgroup scheme of elements acting by upper triangular matrices in this basis.

2.1F3F4step 1.1∎

By construction G(k)⊆H(k); since G is smooth over the algebraically closed field k, [F3] applied to the closed subscheme H⊆G with H(k)=G(k) gives H=G. Hence the representation of G on V is upper triangular in the chosen basis. Applying this to every finite-dimensional representation shows that G is trigonalizable by [F4].

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