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Smooth commutative affine algebraic groups over algebraically closed fields are trigonalizable
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let be an algebraically closed field and let be a smooth commutative affine algebraic group of finite type over (Affine schemes and their coordinate rings, Smooth morphism of schemes), together with a finite-dimensional rational representation on (Rational representations and comodules of an affine group scheme). Then there is a basis of for which acts through upper triangular matrices. In particular every smooth commutative affine algebraic group over an algebraically closed field is trigonalizable (Group schemes of finite type over a field, Trigonalizable groups, invariant flags and embeddings into T_n).
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The Axiom of Choice, an algebraically closed field , a smooth commutative affine finite-type -group , and a finite-dimensional representation of .
The images of the -points in form a commuting family of linear operators, and the characteristic polynomial of each splits over the algebraically closed field . (Rational representations and comodules of an affine group scheme)
A commuting family of endomorphisms of a finite-dimensional vector space over an algebraically closed field, each of whose characteristic polynomials splits, admits a basis in which all the endomorphisms are upper triangular. (A commuting split family is simultaneously triangularisable)
Assume AC. For a smooth finite-type -scheme over an algebraically closed field, is schematically dense: a closed subscheme with equals . (Rational points of smooth finite-type schemes over a separably closed field are schematically dense)
A group is trigonalizable if every finite-dimensional representation admits a basis with acting by upper triangular matrices. (Trigonalizable groups, invariant flags and embeddings into T_n)
Proof
Given: The Axiom of Choice, an algebraically closed field , a smooth commutative affine -group , and a finite-dimensional representation .
By [F1] the operators in the image of commute pairwise and have splitting characteristic polynomials, so [F2] provides a basis of in which every is upper triangular. Fix such a basis and let be the closed subgroup scheme of elements acting by upper triangular matrices in this basis.
By construction ; since is smooth over the algebraically closed field , [F3] applied to the closed subscheme with gives . Hence the representation of on is upper triangular in the chosen basis. Applying this to every finite-dimensional representation shows that is trigonalizable by [F4].
Depends on
- Affine schemes and their coordinate rings
- The Axiom of Choice
- Group schemes of finite type over a field
- Rational representations and comodules of an affine group scheme
- Smooth morphism of schemes
- Rational points of smooth finite-type schemes over a separably closed field are schematically dense
- Trigonalizable groups, invariant flags and embeddings into T_n
- A commuting split family is simultaneously triangularisable
Used by
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Sources
- J. S. Milne, Algebraic Groups (corrected 2022 printing, Cambridge University Press) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Florian Herzig, Linear Algebraic Groups (University of Toronto lecture notes, 2013) (standard reference, not scraped)