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PropositionStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)verified 2026-09-09 (gpt-6-astra)
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Degree-zero Tor is the tensor product in either construction

Statement

For a right R-module N and a left R-module M over any unital ring, supplied projective resolutions in either variable give canonical degree-zero identifications with N⊗RM. No choice axiom is needed once the resolutions are supplied.

Proof

Given: a projective resolution P∙↠M and a projective resolution Q∙↠N.

1.1givenalgebra

Write d:P1→P0 and ϵ:P0→M. The complex is concentrated in nonnegative degrees, so its degree-zero homology is the abelian group T=(N⊗RP0)/im⁡(1⊗d), by Tor from a projective resolution of the left module. The balanced formula n⊗p↦n⊗ϵ(p) induces a:T→N⊗RM by Universal property of the tensor product for balanced maps into abelian groups, since ϵd=0.

2.1step 1.1algebra

For n∈N and m∈M, define b(n,m)=[n⊗p] using any lift ϵ(p)=m. Any two lifts differ by d(u), so their classes agree. Sums and scalar multiples of lifts show that b is additive in both variables and b(nr,m)=b(n,rm). Thus the tensor universal property gives bˉ:N⊗RM→T. This definition uses unique classes, not a simultaneous selection of lifts.

3.1step 1.1step 2.1algebra

The composites abˉ and bˉa fix respectively n⊗m and [n⊗p]. These elements generate the two abelian groups, so the maps are inverse.

4.1step 2.1step 3.1algebra∎

Write e:Q1→Q0 and η:Q0→N. For the right-resolved construction in Tor from a projective resolution of the right module, use U=(Q0⊗RM)/im⁡(e⊗1). The augmentation gives U→N⊗RM; its inverse sends n⊗m to [q⊗m] for any η(q)=n. Differences of lifts belong to im⁡e, so the class is unique, and balancing follows from using qr as a lift of nr. Both composites fix the generating tensors, proving the second canonical identification.

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