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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedSession-authored (Fable 5 assisted)precheck passjudge pass (deepseek-v4-pro + gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-08-26
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A functor preserving twisted-arrow limits preserves ends, and dually for coends

Statement

Let T:Cop×CD be a functor and let F:DE be a functor.

Ends. If F preserves Tw(C)-limits (Preservation, reflection, and creation of limits and colimits; continuous and cocontinuous functors, The twisted arrow category and its projection to Cop×C) and (e,ω) is an end of T (The end and the coend of a functor Cop×CD), then (Fe,Fω) is an end of FT; so a functor preserving twisted-arrow limits preserves ends.

Coends. If F preserves Tw(C)op-colimits and (q,ρ) is a coend of T, then (Fq,Fρ) is a coend of FT.

Small index. If in addition C is small (Small, locally small, and large categories), then every continuous F satisfies the first hypothesis and every cocontinuous F the second, so a continuous functor carries an end over a small index category to an end and a cocontinuous functor carries such a coend to a coend.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Functors T:Cop×CD and F:DE, and an end or a coend of T where one is assumed.

[L1]

The wedges over T are exactly the cones over Tπ, by ξf=T(1c,f)ωc and ωc=ξ1c, so an end is the limit over the twisted arrow category; dually the cowedges under T are the cocones under Tπsw and a coend is a colimit over Tw(C)op (An end is a limit over the twisted arrow category, and a coend is a colimit over its opposite).

[F1]

F preserves J-limits if the image under F of every limiting cone over D:JC is limiting over FD; the terms for colimits use cocones (Preservation, reflection, and creation of limits and colimits; continuous and cocontinuous functors).

[F2]

A functor is continuous if it preserves all small limits and cocontinuous if it preserves all small colimits (Preservation, reflection, and creation of limits and colimits; continuous and cocontinuous functors).

[F3]

The objects of Tw(C) are the morphisms of C, and a morphism fg is a pair of morphisms of C subject to one equation (The twisted arrow category and its projection to Cop×C).

[F4]

An end of T is a terminal object of the category of wedges over T and a coend an initial object of the category of cowedges under T; in short, an end is a terminal wedge and a coend an initial cowedge (The end and the coend of a functor Cop×CD).

[F5]

A category is small when both Ob(C) and Mor(C) are sets. (Small, locally small, and large categories).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

By [L1] the wedge ω over T with vertex e corresponds to the cone ξ over Tπ with ξf=T(1c,f)ωc, and (e,ω) is an end of T exactly when (e,ξ) is a limiting cone; dually the cowedge ρ corresponds to the cocone ζ under Tπsw with ζf=ρcT(f,1c), and (q,ρ) is a coend exactly when (q,ζ) is a colimiting cocone.

F3F4L1
2.1

Suppose F preserves Tw(C)-limits. Then (Fe,Fξ) is a limiting cone over FTπ. Functoriality gives Fξf=F(T(1c,f))Fωc=(FT)(1c,f)Fωc, so Fξ is exactly the cone that [L1] attaches to the family Fω, which is therefore a wedge over FT; being limiting, it makes (Fe,Fω) an end of FT.

F1L1step 1.1
2.2

Suppose F preserves Tw(C)op-colimits. Then (Fq,Fζ) is a colimiting cocone under FTπsw, and Fζf=Fρc(FT)(f,1c) is the cocone that [L1] attaches to Fρ; so Fρ is a cowedge under FT and (Fq,Fρ) is a coend of FT.

F1L1step 1.1
3.1

If C is small then Tw(C) is small, since its objects are the morphisms of C and its morphisms form a subclass of a fourfold product of Mor(C) with itself; the opposite of a small category is small. So a continuous F, which by [F2] preserves all small limits, preserves Tw(C)-limits and step 2.1 applies, and a cocontinuous F preserves Tw(C)op-colimits and step 2.2 applies.

F2F3F5L1step 2.1step 2.2

Remarks

The hypothesis is stated at the strength the proof uses, preservation of limits indexed by Tw(C), and not as continuity: in this library a continuous functor is one preserving all small limits, and Tw(C) is small only when C is. A blanket claim that continuous functors preserve all ends would be false for a large index category, and no such claim is made here.

Dropping the hypothesis altogether is not possible: FALSE: every functor preserves the ends that exist in its domain exhibits two finite witnesses, both monotone maps of finite posets, that carry an end to something other than the end of the composite.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

17 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources