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Bing's Q-set space is a normal nonmetrizable Moore space
Statement
Work in (The Axiom of Choice), as on this page. For every uncountable Q-set (Q-sets and Bing's tangent-disk Moore-space interface) the tangent-disk space is a separable normal nonmetrizable Moore space (Moore spaces and developments, Separability: the existence of an at most countable dense subset, Normal spaces and spaces, with the source disagreement over whether normality includes stated explicitly).
Facts & Assumptions
Given: An uncountable Q-set , the space with open part and axis part (Q-sets and Bing's tangent-disk Moore-space interface), and for the open covers where is the second coordinate and is the tangent disk. Put for every , including .
The tangent disks are basic open sets, , and they form a local base at ; the balls are basic open sets of and form a local base at (Q-sets and Bing's tangent-disk Moore-space interface, Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space, Basis and subbasis for a topology, and the topology generated by a family of sets, Neighbourhood of a point and neighbourhood base, with this library's convention that a neighbourhood need not be open).
On , the topology is Euclidean: every point of an open set lies in an ordinary ball contained in that set. Distances satisfy the triangle inequality (Metric space: iff , symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric, The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement).
is closed in and is a Q-set-indexed axis; every subset of is relatively in , and for with open, decreasing, and one has (Q-sets and Bing's tangent-disk Moore-space interface, Open subset of (every point has a neighbourhood inside it), closed subset (complement open), and clopen).
Normality means that every two disjoint closed sets have disjoint open neighbourhoods, including empty closed sets (Normal spaces and spaces, with the source disagreement over whether normality includes stated explicitly).
A development's stars are open sets containing the point, and closeness of a point to a closed set is tested by neighbourhoods; closures in of subsets of are computed with closed (Moore spaces and developments, Q-sets and Bing's tangent-disk Moore-space interface, Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace).
A countable dense set in a metric space gives a countable base of balls , , : given , choose with and then ; the ball contains and lies in by the triangle inequality. Enumerate the pairs using the fixed countable enumeration of (Separability: the existence of an at most countable dense subset, Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space).
Proof
Fix , , , and the covers .
Each is an open cover by open sets, because and each is a basic open set by [F1].
The zero-based sequence is a development, with positive scale . At , if satisfies and , then and , while forces , a contradiction; hence , and the tangent disks form a local base at by [F1], so every neighbourhood of contains a star. At , every member containing satisfies when , and when ; hence , which is contained in any prescribed Euclidean neighbourhood for large.
is separable: the set of points of with both coordinates rational is countable and dense: every ordinary ball in contains a rational point, and the open disk part of contains , hence also a rational point of sufficiently close to it (Separability: the existence of an at most countable dense subset, Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space).
is closed in and discrete: it is the trace of the closed set , and each of its points has the neighbourhood with by [F1].
(Axis separation.) Identify the axis with via for this step. Let and put ; symbols for their neighbourhoods refer to the corresponding axis points. Since every subset of the Q-set is relatively there are decreasing sequences and of open subsets of with and , so and for every ; for put and . Fix . For the set is open and contains , so let be the least positive integer with , and put . This is a positive real even when . Every has . Let be the least positive integer with . Then for every and : tangent disks of radii and at axis points at distance are disjoint whenever , because their centre distance is then at least . Hence the open sets and satisfy , , for , , , and : a tangent disk meets the axis only at its own tangency point, and every disk occurring in was chosen disjoint from . Put and . Both are open and they are disjoint. If and with , then , contradicting the choice of ; symmetrically for ; and is excluded by . Also and : for the fact that gives an with , that is , while because is disjoint from ; symmetrically for . The closure identities and hold because and are closed in the Euclidean subspace , not merely in the discrete axis: if a sequence of points of converges to , then its tangency points converge to , since a point with satisfies , so as ; hence lies in the Euclidean relatively closed set , and dually for .
Reduction to arbitrary closed sets. Let be disjoint closed subsets of . By step 2.5 choose disjoint open containing and , respectively. For each choose the least positive with , and put . Its closure misses , since and . Its closure also misses . Indeed, if a point lies in the disk of radius , tangent at , where , then , so its distance to the complement of the disk of radius is at least : the distance to the outer centre has square less than , and . The outer disk misses . A sequence in converging to would eventually have height at least , and therefore distance at least from , impossible. A closure point in supplies such a sequence by its ordinary ball base (AC is available). Thus . Reversing the roles, using around and around , gives open with and .
is and regular: distinct points are separated by small balls or tangent disks, using that is closed and is open; for and a closed , choose with by [F1], let be the closed disk of radius about and put and ; every point of other than lies in and , so , while . Together with step 2.2 the space is a Moore space.
is not metrizable. Suppose induces its topology. By step 2.3 the metric space is separable, so by [L2] it has a countable base, say . For the set is open and contains , so by [F1] some has , and then by step 2.4; the map is therefore a definable injection , contradicting the uncountability of and hence of .
Every point of lies in an ordinary ball with rational centre and rational positive radius whose Euclidean closed ball is contained in : first take a sufficiently small ball inside that open set, then a rational centre sufficiently close to the point and a rational radius between the required bounds. Such a closed ball has positive distance from the axis and is closed in . The family of all such rational balls is at most countable and covers ; list it with empty sets as padding, and prepend . This gives covering with . Similarly obtain covering with , starting with . The sets and are open, contain , and are disjoint: for a point in the terms indexed by , if the first term excludes , and if the second excludes . This includes empty traces and proves normality by [F4].
Steps 2.2, 3.2, 2.3, 3.3 and 4.1 show that is a Moore space, separable, nonmetrizable and normal, as claimed.
Remarks
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Disjointness of the tangent disks in step 2.5. Tangent disks of radii and with centres and are disjoint exactly when their centre distance is at least , where ; squaring, this is equivalent to , which is the estimate used in the definition of . Since a tangent disk meets the axis only at its tangency point, this also gives and .
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Why normality needs the Q-set property. The relative- presentations in step 2.5 provide the axis separation; steps 3.1 and 4.1 then establish full normality. No assertion that every arbitrary uncountable gives a nonnormal space is made.
Depends on
- Q-sets and Bing's tangent-disk Moore-space interface
- Moore spaces and developments
- Normal spaces and $T_4$ spaces, with the source disagreement over whether normality includes $T_1$ stated explicitly
- Metrizable space: a topological space whose topology is induced by some metric; metrizability is topological, the metric is not
- Separability: the existence of an at most countable dense subset
- Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace
- Metric space: $d(x,y) = 0$ iff $x = y$, symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric
- Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space
- The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement
- Neighbourhood of a point and neighbourhood base, with this library's convention that a neighbourhood need not be open
- Open subset of $\mathbb{R}$ (every point has a neighbourhood inside it), closed subset (complement open), and clopen
- Basis and subbasis for a topology, and the topology generated by a family of sets
- The Axiom of Choice
Used by
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Sources
- Dennis K. Burke, The Normal Moore Space Problem (standard reference, not scraped)
- R. H. Bing, Metrization of topological spaces (standard reference, not scraped)