Alphabeta Math
TheoremStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-10
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Conditional expectation exists by radon nikodym

Statement

Assume AC. For every real integrable X on (Ω,F,P) and every sub-sigma-algebra G, a conditional-expectation version of X given G exists.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: AC, a probability space (Ω,F,P), a sub-sigma-algebra G, and real X∈L1(P).

[F1]

A version is real, integrable, G-measurable, and has the required event integrals. (Conditional expectation given a sigma algebra)

[F2]

The indefinite integral of a nonnegative measurable function is a measure. (The indefinite integral of a nonnegative measurable function is a measure)

[F3]

Under AC, an absolutely continuous signed measure with a common finite exhaustion has a real measurable RN density, integrable when its total variation is finite. (A sigma-finite signed measure that is absolutely continuous with respect to a sigma-finite positive measure has a unique almost-everywhere density)

[F4]

Linear combinations of integrable functions are integrable and event integrals are linear. (The Lebesgue integral is linear on L1(μ))

[F5]

A nonnegative measurable function has zero integral exactly when it is zero almost everywhere. (A nonnegative measurable function has integral 0 exactly when it vanishes almost everywhere)

[F6]

AC supplies the selections in the cited RN proof: a maximizing sequence and countably many Hahn decompositions. (The Axiom of Choice)

[F7]

Nonnegative integrals over measurable null sets vanish. (A nonnegative integral over a null set vanishes)

Proof

technique · direct
1.1F2F7

Let μ=P∣G and ν±(A)=∫AX± dP. Restricting the measures in [F2] from F to G makes ν± finite positive measures, with total mass at most E∣X∣. If μ(A)=0, [F7] gives ν±(A)=0, so ν±≪μ. The constant exhaustion Ω has finite μ and finite variation for both positive measures.

2.1step 1.1F3F5F6F7

Apply [F3] separately to (μ,ν+) and (μ,ν−). Its AC hypothesis is [F6]; its exhaustion and absolute continuity were checked in step 1.1. It supplies real, G-measurable integrable f+,f− with ∫Af± dμ=ν±(A). They are nonnegative almost everywhere: on N±={f±<0} positivity of ν± and nonpositivity of the integral force ∫N±(−f±)=0, so [F5] makes N± null. Set them to zero there. These are G-measurable null sets, so the modification is legitimate without completing G. The current RN interface already supplies real integrable densities, so no infinite density is subtracted.

3.1step 2.1F1F4∎

Put Y=f+−f−. It is real, G-measurable and integrable, and for every A∈G, ∫AY dP=ν+(A)−ν−(A)=∫A(X+−X−) dP=∫AX dP, with only finite subtractions. Thus [F1] makes Y the required version.

Source notes

Durrett §4.1, existence paragraph, printed pp.206–207; van der Vaart Theorem 1.3, printed pp.1–2. The local current RN statement (including AC and its integrable real-valued output) is used exactly as stated.

Depends on

Used by

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Sources