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Existence of continuous Brownian motion
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Choice. The canonical centered Gaussian coordinate process with covariance has a continuous modification , and is a standard Brownian motion. In particular, standard Brownian motion exists.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The Axiom of Choice.
Under AC, the consistent Brownian Gaussian finite-dimensional laws define a canonical coordinate process with mean zero and covariance . Kolmogorov construction of the canonical Gaussian process
A normal increment of variance has fourth moment . Gaussian even moments for Brownian increments
The one-parameter continuity criterion turns the corresponding moment bound into a continuous modification. It uses no choice once its constants are supplied. Kolmogorov continuity criterion in one parameter
For a real process starting at zero, centered Gaussian covariance is equivalent to independent stationary normal increments. Brownian covariance is equivalent to independent stationary normal increments
Brownian motion consists of the initial condition, those increments, and one probability-one continuity event. Brownian motion
The real line is complete; its embedded rationals are countable and dense, so it is separable. and for with the Euclidean metric are complete, componentwise from the Cauchy criterion in Separability: the existence of an at most countable dense subset is countably infinite The rationals embed densely in the reals
A finite union of null events is null. Finite and countable subadditivity of measures
AC is available for the Gaussian-law and Kolmogorov-extension suppliers. The Axiom of Choice
Proof
By [F1], on the canonical coordinate probability space there is a centered Gaussian process with covariance . In particular almost surely, and [F4] gives for all .
By [F2] with , By [F6], the real target is complete and separable. Thus [F3], with , , and the supplied constants , gives a modification of and one probability-one event on which every path of is continuous.
Fix a finite time list . Since is a modification, each event is null; [F7] makes their finite union null. Hence the two evaluation vectors agree almost surely and have the same law. This includes the empty list, for which both laws are the unit mass on the empty tuple. Consequently all finite-dimensional laws of equal those of , so is centered Gaussian with covariance and almost surely.
Apply [F4] to : it has the independent increments on every finite increasing list. Together with from step 3.1 and the common continuity event from step 2.1, [F5] says that is standard Brownian motion. AC is used through [F1], [F2], [F4], and [F5] for normal-law construction and the arbitrary-index extension; the continuity construction [F3] adds no choice.
Source notes
Durrett, printed pp. 355–358, constructs the canonical Gaussian process and then repairs its paths by the continuity theorem. Sousi, Section 6.2, follows the same route. Step 3.1 records the finite-union argument needed to preserve finite-dimensional laws under modification.
Depends on
- Kolmogorov construction of the canonical Gaussian process
- Gaussian even moments for Brownian increments
- Kolmogorov continuity criterion in one parameter
- Brownian covariance is equivalent to independent stationary normal increments
- Brownian motion
- $\mathbb{R}$ and $\mathbb{R}^n$ for $n \ge 1$ with the Euclidean metric are complete, componentwise from the Cauchy criterion in $\mathbb{R}$
- Separability: the existence of an at most countable dense subset
- $\mathbb{Q}$ is countably infinite
- The rationals embed densely in the reals
- Finite and countable subadditivity of measures
- The Axiom of Choice
Used by
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Sources
- Rick Durrett, Probability: Theory and Examples, Section 7.1 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Perla Sousi, Advanced Probability, Section 6.2 (standard reference, not scraped)