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TheoremStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-14
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Existence of continuous Brownian motion

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Choice. The canonical centered Gaussian coordinate process with covariance E[XsXt]=min(s,t) has a continuous modification B, and B is a standard Brownian motion. In particular, standard Brownian motion exists.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The Axiom of Choice.

[F1]

Under AC, the consistent Brownian Gaussian finite-dimensional laws define a canonical coordinate process X with mean zero and covariance min(s,t). Kolmogorov construction of the canonical Gaussian process

[F2]

A normal increment of variance ts has fourth moment 3ts2. Gaussian even moments for Brownian increments

[F3]

The one-parameter continuity criterion turns the corresponding moment bound into a continuous modification. It uses no choice once its constants are supplied. Kolmogorov continuity criterion in one parameter

[F4]

For a real process starting at zero, centered Gaussian covariance min(s,t) is equivalent to independent stationary normal increments. Brownian covariance is equivalent to independent stationary normal increments

[F5]

Brownian motion consists of the initial condition, those increments, and one probability-one continuity event. Brownian motion

[F7]

A finite union of null events is null. Finite and countable subadditivity of measures

[F8]

AC is available for the Gaussian-law and Kolmogorov-extension suppliers. The Axiom of Choice

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

By [F1], on the canonical coordinate probability space there is a centered Gaussian process X with covariance min(s,t). In particular X0=0 almost surely, and [F4] gives XtXsN(0,ts) for all s,t0.

givenF1F4
2.1

By [F2] with m=2, EXtXs4=3ts2. By [F6], the real target is complete and separable. Thus [F3], with α=4, β=1, and the supplied constants CT=3, gives a modification B of X and one probability-one event on which every path of B is continuous.

step 1.1F2F3F6
3.1

Fix a finite time list t1,,tn. Since B is a modification, each event {BtjXtj} is null; [F7] makes their finite union null. Hence the two evaluation vectors agree almost surely and have the same law. This includes the empty list, for which both laws are the unit mass on the empty tuple. Consequently all finite-dimensional laws of B equal those of X, so B is centered Gaussian with covariance min(s,t) and B0=0 almost surely.

step 1.1step 2.1F7
4.1

Apply [F4] to B: it has the independent N(0,tjtj1) increments on every finite increasing list. Together with B0=0 from step 3.1 and the common continuity event from step 2.1, [F5] says that B is standard Brownian motion. AC is used through [F1], [F2], [F4], and [F5] for normal-law construction and the arbitrary-index extension; the continuity construction [F3] adds no choice.

step 2.1step 3.1F1F2F3F4F5F8

Source notes

Durrett, printed pp. 355–358, constructs the canonical Gaussian process and then repairs its paths by the continuity theorem. Sousi, Section 6.2, follows the same route. Step 3.1 records the finite-union argument needed to preserve finite-dimensional laws under modification.

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