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The Weierstrass product for reciprocal Gamma
Statement
For every complex number ,
with locally uniform convergence on .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Euler's limit formula for Gamma.
Off the poles of Gamma, (Euler's limit formula for Gamma).
Harmonic numbers satisfy (The Euler–Mascheroni constant and the harmonic asymptotic).
On the right half-plane, Gamma is given by Euler's integral (Euler's Gamma function on the right half-plane).
Gamma is meromorphic on with simple poles exactly at the nonpositive integers (Meromorphic continuation of Gamma).
A holomorphic function that vanishes on a set with an accumulation point in its domain vanishes identically (Identity theorem for holomorphic functions).
Proof
Define On a fixed compact set, after finitely many initial factors the logarithms of the remaining factors are uniformly in . Hence the product converges locally uniformly and defines an entire function. Its tail is zero-free, so its zeros are simple and occur exactly at .
Let . By [L3], is a positive real number. Taking reciprocals in [L1] is therefore valid at , and rewriting the finite product gives where [L2] supplies .
On the right half-plane, both and are holomorphic by [L4], so is holomorphic there. Step 2.1 makes it vanish on the positive real axis, which has accumulation points in that half-plane. Thus [L5] gives
By [L4], the only poles of are simple poles at the nonpositive integers. Step 1.1 gives a simple zero at each of those points, so every possible singularity of there is removable. The resulting entire function equals on the right half-plane by step 3.1, hence equals on all of by [L5]. Therefore is the entire reciprocal of Gamma, which proves the displayed product formula everywhere.
Depends on
Used by
- Gamma has no zeros Corollary
- Euler's reflection formula Theorem
- Gauss's multiplication formula Theorem
- Stirling's formula for Gamma Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
19 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- K. Chandrasekharan, Lectures on the Riemann Zeta-Function, Lecture 6 §3 (standard reference, not scraped)
- M. Weber, Complex Analysis, §3.7 (standard reference, not scraped)