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The Weierstrass product for reciprocal Gamma

Statement

For every complex number z,

1Γ(z)=zeγzn1(1+zn)ez/n.

with locally uniform convergence on C.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Euler's limit formula for Gamma.

[L1]

Off the poles of Gamma, Γ(z)=limnn!nz/[z(z+1)(z+n)] (Euler's limit formula for Gamma).

[L2]

Harmonic numbers satisfy Hn=logn+γ+o(1) (The Euler–Mascheroni constant and the harmonic asymptotic).

[L3]

On the right half-plane, Gamma is given by Euler's integral (Euler's Gamma function on the right half-plane).

[L4]

Gamma is meromorphic on C with simple poles exactly at the nonpositive integers (Meromorphic continuation of Gamma).

[L5]

A holomorphic function that vanishes on a set with an accumulation point in its domain vanishes identically (Identity theorem for holomorphic functions).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

Define F(z):=zeγzk1(1+zk)ez/k. On a fixed compact set, after finitely many initial factors the logarithms of the remaining factors are O(k2) uniformly in z. Hence the product converges locally uniformly and defines an entire function. Its tail is zero-free, so its zeros are simple and occur exactly at 0,1,2,.

givenalgebra
2.1

Let x>0. By [L3], Γ(x) is a positive real number. Taking reciprocals in [L1] is therefore valid at x, and rewriting the finite product gives 1Γ(x)=limnxe(Hnlogn)xk=1n(1+xk)ex/k=F(x), where [L2] supplies Hnlognγ.

L1L2L3step 1.1algebra
3.1

On the right half-plane, both F and Γ are holomorphic by [L4], so FΓ1 is holomorphic there. Step 2.1 makes it vanish on the positive real axis, which has accumulation points in that half-plane. Thus [L5] gives F(z)Γ(z)=1(Rez>0).

L4L5step 2.1
4.1

By [L4], the only poles of Γ are simple poles at the nonpositive integers. Step 1.1 gives F a simple zero at each of those points, so every possible singularity of FΓ there is removable. The resulting entire function equals 1 on the right half-plane by step 3.1, hence equals 1 on all of C by [L5]. Therefore F is the entire reciprocal of Gamma, which proves the displayed product formula everywhere.

L4L5step 1.1step 3.1

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources