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Hake's theorem: a finite-endpoint generalized integral is a proper Henstock–Kurzweil integral after assigning the endpoint value
Statement
Let , let be HK integrable on every with , and assign any finite value to . The resulting function on is properly HK integrable if and only if exists as a finite real. In that case the proper integral equals this limit and is independent of the assigned value at . The reflected statement holds at a missing left endpoint.
A finite-endpoint noncompact integral extends to a proper HK integral if and only if the truncation limit exists.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The locally HK-integrable function near a finite missing endpoint and a finite assigned endpoint value.
A missing finite-endpoint integral exists exactly when all sufficiently late tail integrals are small (The Cauchy criterion for a Henstock–Kurzweil integral at a missing endpoint).
Fine partial tagged partitions have uniformly small sums of local integration errors (The Saks–Henstock lemma for fine partial tagged partitions).
Henstock–Kurzweil integrals restrict to subintervals and add over adjacent intervals (Henstock–Kurzweil integrability on subintervals and additivity over adjacent intervals).
Countable choice selects one member from each nonempty set in a family indexed by (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()).
Proof
For the forward direction, [L3] restricts a proper HK integral to every compact prefix; apply [L2] to the one-cell partial partition after taking sufficiently close to , and also make small, to obtain uniformly small tail integrals, so [L1] and [L3] make the truncation values converge to the proper integral.
For the reverse direction, let and set , so and . By [L4], choose for each band a gauge whose Saks–Henstock partial-partition error is below .
On each open band, take the minimum of its local gauge and half the distances to the two band endpoints; at each , take the minimum of the adjacent gauges and half the adjacent band lengths. At , choose a radius so that the truncation tail error is below and . A partition fine for this global gauge can cross a band boundary only when tagged there, so it splits into finitely many complete band partitions, one final fine partial band partition, and a possible last cell tagged at .
Additivity [L3], the summable local error budget from step 1.2, the Saks–Henstock estimate on the final partial band, the truncation bound, and the endpoint-cell bound from step 2.1 show that every fine sum differs from by less than . Thus the extension is properly HK integrable with integral . Changing the assigned value at alters only the last endpoint-tagged term, whose length the gauge can make arbitrarily small, so the integral is independent of that value; reflection gives the left-endpoint form.
Depends on
- Henstock–Kurzweil integrals on half-open and unbounded intervals by compact truncation limits
- The Cauchy criterion for a Henstock–Kurzweil integral at a missing endpoint
- The Saks–Henstock lemma for fine partial tagged partitions
- Henstock–Kurzweil integrability on subintervals and additivity over adjacent intervals
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
Used by
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Sources
- Alessandro Fonda, The Kurzweil-Henstock Integral for Undergraduates, Ch. 1 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Andrew Bruckner, Judith Bruckner and Brian Thomson, Real Analysis, Section 1.21 (standard reference, not scraped)