Alphabeta Math
TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-09-04
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

For a finite-dimensional algebra, the module radical is exactly the action of the Jacobson radical

Statement

Let A be a finite-dimensional algebra with Jacobson radical J(A), and let M be a finite-dimensional left A-module. If

rad⁡(M):=⋂{N<M:N maximal submodule of M},

then

rad⁡(M)=J(A)M.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A finite-dimensional algebra A, its Jacobson radical J=J(A), and a finite-dimensional left A-module M.

[F1]

The Jacobson radical is the intersection of maximal left ideals (The Jacobson radical of a finite-dimensional algebra is the intersection of its maximal left ideals).

[L2]

A simple module is a nonzero module with no proper nonzero submodule (Simple module: a nonzero module with no proper nonzero submodule).

[L3]

Over a semisimple ring every module is semisimple (Equivalent module-theoretic characterizations of semisimple rings).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1F1L2givenalgebra

If M=0, then J(A)M=0 and rad⁡(M)=0, so the claim is immediate. Assume from now on that M≠0. Let N be a maximal submodule of M. Then M/N has no proper nonzero submodule, so it is simple by [L2]. Fix m∈M. If m∈N, then every j∈J already satisfies jm∈N. If m∉N, then the nonzero coset m+N generates the simple module M/N, so the A-linear map θm:A→M/N,a↦am+N is surjective. Its kernel Im:={a∈A:am∈N} is therefore a maximal left ideal of A. By [F1], J is contained in every maximal left ideal, so J⊆Im and hence jm∈N for every j∈J. Thus JM⊆N. Since N was arbitrary, JM⊆rad⁡(M).

2.1L1L3step 1.1algebra

Consider the quotient module M/JM. Because J acts trivially on it, M/JM is naturally a module over the semisimple ring A/J from [L1]. Therefore [L3] makes M/JM semisimple, so the intersection of its maximal submodules is 0. Maximal submodules of M/JM correspond exactly to maximal submodules of M containing JM, and their intersection is rad⁡(M)/JM. Hence rad⁡(M)/JM=0.

3.1step 1.1step 2.1∎

Step 1.1 gives JM⊆rad⁡(M) and step 2.1 gives the reverse inclusion. Therefore rad⁡(M)=J(A)M.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

15 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources