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For a finite-dimensional algebra, the Jacobson radical is nilpotent and the quotient by it is semisimple
Statement
Let be a finite-dimensional algebra over a field and let . Then is nilpotent, and the quotient algebra is semisimple.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A finite-dimensional algebra and its Jacobson radical .
The Jacobson radical is the intersection of the maximal left ideals (The Jacobson radical of a finite-dimensional algebra is the intersection of its maximal left ideals).
A finite-dimensional module has a composition series and hence finite length (A module has a composition series if and only if it is Noetherian and Artinian, the converse using dependent choice).
Every nonzero finitely generated module has a maximal proper submodule (Under Choice, every finitely generated nonzero module has a maximal proper submodule).
A simple module is a nonzero module with no proper nonzero submodule (Simple module: a nonzero module with no proper nonzero submodule).
A unital ring is semisimple when its left regular module is semisimple (A semisimple ring as a ring whose left regular module is semisimple), and for such a ring every module is semisimple (Equivalent module-theoretic characterizations of semisimple rings).
Proof
The left regular module is finite-dimensional, so [L1] gives finite length. Therefore the descending chain stabilizes: choose with . If , [L2] gives a maximal submodule of the left -module , so is simple by [L3]. Since lies in every maximal left ideal of , it annihilates every simple quotient of a finitely generated left module; in particular . Hence , contradicting . Therefore , so is nilpotent.
Maximal left ideals of are exactly the quotients with a maximal left ideal of containing , so their intersection is by [F1]. Let be the left regular module. It still has finite length by [L1]. We prove by induction on its composition length that a finite-length module whose maximal submodules intersect trivially is semisimple. If there is nothing to prove. Otherwise choose a minimal nonzero submodule , so is simple. Since the intersection of maximal submodules is , some maximal submodule does not contain . Then , and maximality makes a nonzero submodule of the simple quotient , so . The maximal submodules of correspond to the maximal submodules of that contain , so their intersection in is again ; the induction hypothesis makes semisimple, hence so is .
By step 1.2, the left regular module of is semisimple. Thus [L4] makes the quotient algebra semisimple. Together with step 1.1, this proves the theorem.
Depends on
- The Jacobson radical of a finite-dimensional algebra is the intersection of its maximal left ideals
- A module has a composition series if and only if it is Noetherian and Artinian, the converse using dependent choice
- Wedderburn–Artin theorem for semisimple rings
- Under Choice, every finitely generated nonzero module has a maximal proper submodule
- Simple module: a nonzero module with no proper nonzero submodule
- A semisimple ring as a ring whose left regular module is semisimple
- Equivalent module-theoretic characterizations of semisimple rings
Used by
- The regular module is a direct sum of the projective covers of the simple modules, with the split-field multiplicities Corollary
- For a finite group and a field of characteristic p, the group algebra is local exactly when the group is a p-group Theorem
- For a finite-dimensional algebra, the module radical is exactly the action of the Jacobson radical Theorem
- Over a finite-dimensional algebra, a module annihilated modulo its radical is zero, and generators lift from the head Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- Peter Webb, A Course in Finite Group Representation Theory (23 Feb 2016 draft) (standard reference, not scraped)