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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedprecheck passaudited 2026-09-04
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For a finite-dimensional algebra, the Jacobson radical is nilpotent and the quotient by it is semisimple

Statement

Let A be a finite-dimensional algebra over a field and let J=J(A). Then J is nilpotent, and the quotient algebra A/J is semisimple.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A finite-dimensional algebra A and its Jacobson radical J=J(A).

[F1]

The Jacobson radical is the intersection of the maximal left ideals (The Jacobson radical of a finite-dimensional algebra is the intersection of its maximal left ideals).

[L1]

A finite-dimensional module has a composition series and hence finite length (A module has a composition series if and only if it is Noetherian and Artinian, the converse using dependent choice).

[L2]

Every nonzero finitely generated module has a maximal proper submodule (Under Choice, every finitely generated nonzero module has a maximal proper submodule).

[L3]

A simple module is a nonzero module with no proper nonzero submodule (Simple module: a nonzero module with no proper nonzero submodule).

[L4]

A unital ring is semisimple when its left regular module is semisimple (A semisimple ring as a ring whose left regular module is semisimple), and for such a ring every module is semisimple (Equivalent module-theoretic characterizations of semisimple rings).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

The left regular module AA is finite-dimensional, so [L1] gives finite length. Therefore the descending chain AJJ2 stabilizes: choose n with Jn=Jn+1. If Jn0, [L2] gives a maximal submodule N of the left A-module Jn, so Jn/N is simple by [L3]. Since J lies in every maximal left ideal of A, it annihilates every simple quotient of a finitely generated left module; in particular J(Jn/N)=0. Hence Jn+1=JJnN, contradicting Jn+1=Jn. Therefore Jn=0, so J is nilpotent.

F1L1L2L3givenalgebra
1.2

Maximal left ideals of A/J are exactly the quotients L/J with L a maximal left ideal of A containing J, so their intersection is 0 by [F1]. Let M=A/J(A/J) be the left regular module. It still has finite length by [L1]. We prove by induction on its composition length that a finite-length module whose maximal submodules intersect trivially is semisimple. If M=0 there is nothing to prove. Otherwise choose a minimal nonzero submodule SM, so S is simple. Since the intersection of maximal submodules is 0, some maximal submodule N does not contain S. Then SN=0, and maximality makes (S+N)/N a nonzero submodule of the simple quotient M/N, so M=SN. The maximal submodules of N correspond to the maximal submodules SN of M that contain S, so their intersection in N is again 0; the induction hypothesis makes N semisimple, hence so is M.

F1L1L2L3giveninduction
2.1

By step 1.2, the left regular module of A/J is semisimple. Thus [L4] makes the quotient algebra A/J semisimple. Together with step 1.1, this proves the theorem.

L4step 1.1step 1.2

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