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Ordinary Specht modules are the signed conjugate Murphy cells

Statement

Let R be a commutative ring, q∈R× and λ⊢n, and write μ=λ′, L=ℓ(wλ) and N=ℓ(w0(Sλ′)). Let P(λ)=zλH with its DJ form βP(λ), the cell module CM(λ′) with its Murphy form Gλ′, and the sign automorphism θ be as in Hecke row permutation modules and ordinary Dipper-James polytabloids, The Murphy cellular basis, the cell law and the Murphy form and The Hecke sign automorphism, pullback and contragredient dual, and let CM(λ′)θ be the θ-twisted cell module of Theta transports the Murphy cellular structure to the signed cell modules. Then:

  1. There is a base-change compatible isomorphism of right H-modules Φλ ⁣:P(λ)⟶CM(λ′)θ,Φλ(zλ)=m0,Φλ(zλh)=m0θ(h)  (h∈H), where m0 is the class of xλ′ in CM(λ′) and the right side is computed with the ordinary action on CM(λ′) and read in the twist; in particular Φλ(et)=m0θ(Tdλ′(t)) for t∈Std⁡(λ′). For a class m∈CM(λ′) and any lift m~∈M(λ′), the inverse is Φλ−1(m)=q−NxλTwλθ(m~), independently of the chosen lift.

  2. With Gλ′θ the transported form of Theta transports the Murphy cellular structure to the signed cell modules and uλ(q):=qℓ(w0(Sλ′))−ℓ(wλ)∈A×, Gλ′θ(Φλx,Φλy)=uλ(q) βP(λ)(x,y)(x,y∈P(λ)), over every commutative R with q∈R×. No unnamed scalar and no potentially vanishing scalar occurs: uλ is the explicit unit qN−L in the fixed normalizations of this page.

  3. Consequently Φλ maps the radical of βP(λ) onto the radical of Gλ′θ, the induced map between the quotients is an isomorphism, with the corresponding cell-form quotients DDJλ≅(DMλ′)θ, including the zero-quotient case. Over a field, when the quotients are nonzero they are the simple heads; when the forms are identically zero, the displayed quotients are zero and no assertion about the actual module heads is made. Over a PID with a chosen prime, the unit-scaled form identity preserves all divisibility submodules and their reductions. One also obtains P(λ′)≅P(λ)∘,θ with the exact position of the dual and the twist, separating same-shape duality from conjugate-sign transport. No choice principle is used.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A commutative ring R, q∈R×, a partition λ⊢n with conjugate μ=λ′, the Hecke algebra H=HR,q(Sn), the modules M(λ)⊇P(λ)=zλH with the distinguished and polytabloid bases, the permutation form β and its restriction βP(λ), the cell module CM(λ′) with basis {mt} and Murphy form Gλ′, and the sign automorphism θ.

[F1]

θ is an involutive automorphism commuting with ∗, with θ(xρ)=qℓ(w0(Sρ))yρ, θ(Ti)=(q−1)−Ti, and for a right H-module M the twist Mθ has action m⋅h=mθ(h); (Mθ)∘=(M∘)θ and (−)θ is exact and preserves composition multiplicities (The Hecke sign automorphism, pullback and contragredient dual).

[F2]

Using a row-module lift m~ of the cell class m, the map m↦q−NxλTwλθ(m~) on CM(λ′)θ is a well-defined, surjective H-module map onto P(λ) with value zλ at m0; this is proved inside Integral polytabloid straightening for the comparison, where P(λ) is also shown to be free on {et=zλTdλ′(t):t∈Std⁡(λ′)} and a split direct summand of M(λ); moreover zλ=∑u∈Sλ′(−q)−ℓ(u)btλ⋅u with br=xλTdλ(r) and ℓ(wλu)=ℓ(wλ)+ℓ(u) for u∈Sλ′.

[F3]

β(br,bv)=δr,vqℓ(dλ(r)), β is H-contravariant (The permutation form is H-contravariant and restricts to the DJ form, The Murphy cellular basis, the cell law and the Murphy form).

[F4]

CM(λ′) is free of rank fλ′ with basis {mt}, its form Gλ′ satisfies Gλ′(m0,m0)=Pλ′(q)=∑u∈Sλ′qℓ(u) and the cell law, and I⊳λ′ is spanned by the Murphy elements of shapes ⊳λ′ (The Murphy cellular basis, the cell law and the Murphy form).

[F5]

The transported form Gλ′θ of Theta transports the Murphy cellular structure to the signed cell modules is defined on the transported basis by Gλ′θ(θx,θy)=Gλ′(x,y); read on the underlying module of the twist it is Gλ′θ(x,y)=Gλ′(x,y), it is symmetric and associative for the twisted action, and θ is an isometry onto the transported cell.

[F6]

J(A) is nilpotent and A/J(A) is semisimple for a finite-dimensional algebra over a field (For a finite-dimensional algebra, the Jacobson radical is nilpotent and the quotient by it is semisimple).

[F7]

The kernel of the quotient M(λ′)→CM(λ′) is P(λ′)⊥, and CM(λ′)≅P(λ′)∘ under the same-shape pairing (Murphy cells are the same-shape contragredient Specht duals).

[F8]

Base change: all structure constants lie in A=Z[v±1] and specialize along v↦q (The generic type-A Hecke algebra, The Hecke sign automorphism, pullback and contragredient dual).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1F1F2F4F8algebra

The integral map. Identify CM(μ)θ with θ(M(μ))/θ(Kμ), where Kμ=M(μ)∩I⊳μ. By [F2], literal left multiplication by q−NxλTwλ kills θ(Kμ) and induces the surjection F:CM(μ)θ→P(λ) sending the class of xμ to zλ. In particular F(m)=q−NxλTwλθ(m~) for any row-module lift, independently of that lift. Both modules are free of rank fμ=fλ; finite basis preimages give a right inverse of the square matrix of F, so its determinant is a unit and F is an isomorphism. Set Φλ=F−1. Its H-linearity with the twisted target action gives Φλ(zλh)=m0θ(h), where this expression uses the ordinary action on the underlying Murphy module. All these matrices and their inverses lie in the universal Laurent ring and specialize by [F8].

2.1F1F4F5F6step 1.1algebra

Generic uniqueness of the forms, after the integral isomorphism. Work over A=Z[v±1] with formal q=v and K=Q(v). The matrix of the regular trace form (a,b)↦Tr⁡K(Lab) has Laurent-polynomial entries. At v=1 its matrix is n! times the permutation matrix u↔u−1: in the regular group basis left multiplication by a nonidentity group element has trace zero, whereas the identity has trace n!. Its determinant is therefore nonzero, so the regular trace form is nonsingular over K. If a∈J(HK), every ab is nilpotent by [F6], and Lab has trace zero; nondegeneracy forces a=0, so HK is semisimple. To justify the consequence used next, any quotient algebra of a finite-dimensional semisimple algebra has semisimple regular module: the images of its finitely many simple summands are simple or zero and span the quotient; selecting successively images not contained in their predecessors expresses it as a direct sum of simples. A square-zero two-sided ideal J of such an algebra acts trivially on every simple module, since JS is either 0 or S and the latter would force J2S=S; it therefore annihilates the semisimple regular module and is zero. Each cellular layer is an ideal in a quotient of this semisimple algebra, with multiplication (a⊗b)(c⊗d)=Gμ(b,c)a⊗d. If Gμ had a nonzero radical, (rad⁡Gμ)⊗CM(μ) would be a nonzero square-zero ideal of that quotient, stable under its surrounding algebra by the cell law and contravariance, a contradiction. Thus Gμ is nonsingular, and the cellular rank-one operators realize the full matrix algebra on CM(μ)K. Every module endomorphism is scalar because it commutes with all matrix units; this conclusion also holds on the θ-twist, since θ(HK)=HK. On that twist, any contravariant form B′ defines an operator U by Gμθ(Ux,y)=B′(x,y). Contravariance and nonsingularity imply that U commutes with the module action, so B′ is a scalar multiple of Gμθ. No generic argument was used to establish the integral map or basis.

2.2F2F3F4F5step 1.1algebra

The exact generator computation. The expansion in [F2] has distinct distinguished row-module vectors and length L+ℓ(u), so [F3] gives β(zλ,zλ)=∑u∈Sμq−2ℓ(u)qL+ℓ(u)=qL∑u∈Sμq−ℓ(u)=qL−NPμ(q). The last equality pairs u with w0(Sμ)u. The row identity xμTu=qℓ(u)xμ gives xμ2=Pμ(q)xμ, so the defining cell product in [F4] gives Gμ(m0,m0)=Pμ(q). Therefore, with the specified normalization Φλ(zλ)=m0, the only possible comparison unit is uλ(q)=qN−L. This computation uses the distinguished-basis definition of β, not any incorrectly unscaled trace identity.

3.1F3F4F5F8step 1.1step 2.1step 2.2algebra

Universal form identity. Transfer the DJ form to CM(μ)θ using F=Φλ−1: set B′(c,d)=β(Fc,Fd). This is contravariant for the twisted action, as is Gμθ. Both are nonzero over K, since their respective generator values are qL−NPμ(q) and Pμ(q), nonzero in that field. Step 2.1 makes them proportional, and step 2.2 determines the scalar as qN−L, proving Gμθ(Φλx,Φλy)=qN−Lβ(x,y) over K. Both sides have matrices in A; the injection A→K proves their equality already in A, and then [F8] specializes it to every commutative R with unit parameter. No cancellation of Pμ(q) takes place after specialization.

4.1F1F4F7F8step 1.1step 3.1algebra∎

Radicals, divisibility, quotients and duality. The unit form identity and the isomorphism Φλ identify the form radicals and yield DDJλ≅(DMλ′)θ, including zero quotients. Over a field, a vector outside a nonzero cell-form radical generates its whole cell module: choose a vector pairing to 1 and use its finite basis expansion in the cell rank-one action xmuv=Gμ(x,mu)mv. Thus every proper submodule lies in that radical, making it the unique maximal submodule and the nonzero form quotient the simple head; transfer this conclusion through Φλ. If the form is identically zero only the zero form quotient is asserted, not a zero actual head. Over a PID with chosen prime π, the submodules {x:β(x,P(λ))⊆πiR} for every i≥0 are identified with their Murphy counterparts because the forms differ by a unit; their reductions correspond as well. Applying step 1.1 to λ′ gives P(λ′)≅CM(λ)θ. Compose with the same-shape perfect pairing [F7] and the commuting of star dual with θ in [F1] to obtain P(λ′)≅P(λ)∘,θ. Empty shapes have N=L=0, Φ=1 and unit 1. This proves all clauses, using generic semisimplicity only for uniqueness of forms on an already integral module. No choice principle is used.

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