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Under the Axiom of Choice, a space is Polish exactly when it is homeomorphic to a Gδ subspace of the Hilbert cube

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Choice, which supplies both the Dependent Choice carried by the Polish-subspace characterisation of [F2] and the Choice carried by the Tychonoff theorem of [F4]. A space is Polish if and only if it is homeomorphic to a Gδ subspace of the Hilbert cube [0,1]N.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The objects, hypotheses, and choice principles stated above.

[F1]

Every separable metrizable space is homeomorphic to a subspace of the Hilbert cube [0,1]N. (Every separable metrizable space embeds in the Hilbert cube [0,1]N).

[F2]

Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice. A subspace of a Polish space is Polish if and only if it is a Gδ subset. (Under Dependent Choice, a subspace of a Polish space is Polish exactly when it is Gδ).

[F3]

Let ((Xn,dn))n∈N be complete metric spaces with dn≤1. On ∏nXn, the formula D(x,y)=∑n=0∞2−(n+1)dn(xn,yn) defines a complete metric inducing the product topology. The empty product is the one-point space. (The standard weighted metric on a countable product of bounded complete metric spaces is complete).

[F4]

Assume the Axiom of Choice (def-axiom-of-choice). Let I be a set and let (Xi,Ti)i∈I be a family of compact topological spaces (def-compact-space, def-topological-space). Then the product P  :=  ∏i∈IXi with the product topology (def-product-topology) is compact. The Axiom of Choice is spent twice, and both uses are flagged below. Once inside thm-alexander-subbase-lemma, through Zorn's lemma (thm-zorn), and once directly at step 2.1, to produce a point of a product of nonempty sets. (Tychonoff's theorem: an arbitrary product of compact spaces is compact in the product topology, assuming the Axiom of Choice).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1givenF1F2F4

Embed a Polish space in the Hilbert cube by universality.

2.1step 1.1F3F1F4

Since the Hilbert cube is complete for its standard product metric, Alexandrov makes the image Gδ.

3.1step 2.1F1F2F4

Conversely, a Gδ subspace of the compact metrizable Hilbert cube is completely metrizable and second countable, hence Polish.

4.1step 3.1∎

The preceding construction and implications establish the assertion.

Depends on

Used by

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Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources