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Randomization does not improve convex action loss

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Choice and Countable Choice. Let d≥1 and let the statistical experiment be E=((X,A),Θ,(Pθ)θ∈Θ), (Statistical experiments), with a nonempty closed convex action set D⊆Rd, with its Borel sigma-algebra (Measurable spaces and measurable sets). Closedness is in the Euclidean topology (Interior, closure, boundary, limit point, isolated point and dense subset of a metric space) and convexity uses A convex subset of Rm contains every line segment between two of its points. Let δ(x,da) be a randomized decision rule, and let L(θ,⋅):D→[0,+∞] be a nonnegative Borel loss convex in the extended-functional sense of Convex and strictly convex functionals on a convex subset of a real vector space. On its convex finite-valued domain this inequality agrees with the real-valued Euclidean convention of Convex and strictly convex functions on Euclidean convex sets, used in the Jensen proof's subgradient step. Define mδ(x)=∫D∥a∥2 δ(x,da),E0={x:mδ(x)<∞}. For x∈E0, define the coordinatewise barycenter bδ(x)=(∫Daj δ(x,da))j=1d. Assume that for every θ∈Θ, Pθ({x∈E0:bδ(x)∈D})=1. Then there is a measurable deterministic rule d such that R(θ,d)≤R(θ,δ)(θ∈Θ). On E0, finite first moment in the Euclidean norm of The Euclidean inner product ⟨x,y⟩=∑k<nxkyk on Rn makes each coordinate integral finite. No claim is made for nonconvex action sets or when the parameterwise almost-sure barycenter condition fails.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The action set, loss, randomized rule, and parameterwise almost-sure moment and barycenter conditions in the statement.

[A1]

Assume AC and Countable Choice, used by the finite-dimensional integral Jensen supplier (The Axiom of Choice, The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω)).

[F1]

A randomized procedure is a probability kernel, and its risk is the iterated loss integral (Randomized procedures as probability kernels, Loss functions and risk).

[F2]

Nonnegative and signed integrals against a probability kernel are measurable; the signed integral is defined on the set of finite absolute integral (Measurability of integration against a kernel).

[F3]

For a probability measure on a closed convex finite-dimensional action set, an extended-valued convex loss has integral at least its value at the barycenter; the lemma uses the extended-functional convexity convention and its finite-valued Euclidean restriction (Integral Jensen inequality for finite-dimensional convex losses).

[F4]

A nonnegative measurable function has integral zero on a measurable null set (A nonnegative integral over a null set vanishes).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1F2algebra

Let m(x)=∫D∥a∥2 δ(x,da). By [F2], m is measurable. For each coordinate j, ∣aj∣≤∥a∥2, so the signed integral bj(x)=∫aj δ(x,da) is measurable on E0={x:m(x)<∞} by [F2]; hence b=(b1,…,bd) is measurable on E0.

1.2givenF2construct

The set E={x∈E0:b(x)∈D} is measurable because D is closed and therefore Borel. Fix one a0∈D and define d(x)=b(x) on E and d(x)=a0 off E. This is a measurable map into D; the hypotheses give Pθ(E)=1 for every θ.

2.1A1F1F3step 1.2

For each θ and every x∈E, the section a↦L(θ,a) is nonnegative Borel convex, δ(x,⋅) is a probability measure with finite first moment, and its barycenter b(x) belongs to D. Applying [F3] gives L(θ,d(x))=L(θ,b(x))≤∫DL(θ,a) δ(x,da).

3.1F1F2F4F5step 2.1∎

Put gθ(x)=L(θ,d(x)) and hθ(x)=∫DL(θ,a) δ(x,da). Both are nonnegative measurable functions by [F1], [F2], and measurability of d. Step 2.1 gives gθ1E≤hθ1E, so monotonicity [F5] gives ∫gθ1E dPθ≤∫hθ1E dPθ. Since Pθ(Ec)=0, [F4] gives zero integrals on Ec; additivity [F5] then yields ∫gθ dPθ≤∫hθ dPθ. This is R(θ,d)≤R(θ,δ), and it holds for every θ.

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