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For a continuous integrand, the Riemann-Stieltjes and Lebesgue-Stieltjes integrals agree

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice. Let a<b, let g:[a,b]R be continuous, let F:RR be nondecreasing and right-continuous, and let μF be the Lebesgue-Stieltjes measure attached to F. Then g is μF-integrable on (a,b] and abgdF=(a,b]gdμF.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The Axiom of Countable Choice, reals a<b, a continuous function g:[a,b]R, a nondecreasing right-continuous function F:RR, its Lebesgue-Stieltjes measure μF, the Riemann-Stieltjes integral I:=abgdF, and a real B>0 with g(x)B on [a,b].

[L1]

A continuous integrand is Riemann-Stieltjes integrable against every bounded-variation integrator; since a nondecreasing function has bounded variation, I exists. (A continuous integrand is Riemann–Stieltjes integrable against every bounded-variation integrator)

[L2]

For a nondecreasing integrator, Riemann-Stieltjes integrability is equivalent to the Darboux criterion; because g is continuous, for every ε>0 there is a partition P with UF(g,P)LF(g,P)<ε. (Darboux criterion for Riemann–Stieltjes integrability with a nondecreasing integrator)

[L3]

For every u<v, μF((u,v])=F(v)F(u). (Interval formulas and atoms for a Lebesgue-Stieltjes measure)

[L4]

The nonnegative integral agrees with the simple integral on simple functions, and the simple integral of jcjχEj is jcjμ(Ej). (The nonnegative integral agrees with the simple integral on simple functions, The integral of a nonnegative simple function)

[L5]

Continuous functions on R are Borel measurable. (Continuous functions on Euclidean spaces are Borel measurable)

[L6]

A measurable real function is integrable exactly when the integral of its absolute value is finite, and the Lebesgue integral is linear on L1. (Integrable real and complex functions, and their integrals, The Lebesgue integral is linear on L1(μ))

[L8]

Riemann-Stieltjes sums are S(g,F;P,ξ)=i=1mg(ξi)(F(ti)F(ti1)), and abgdF=J means that every tagged partition of sufficiently small mesh has sum within any prescribed ε>0 of J. (Riemann–Stieltjes sums, upper and lower sums, and the Riemann–Stieltjes integral)

[L9]

The Riemann-Stieltjes integral is linear in the integrand. (Linearity and interval additivity of the Riemann–Stieltjes integral)

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

Extend g to a continuous function g~:RR by setting g~(x)=g(a) for x<a, g~(x)=g(x) for x[a,b], and g~(x)=g(b) for x>b. Then [L5] makes g~ Borel measurable. Put h:=(B+g~)χ(a,b]. This is a nonnegative measurable function. Since 0h2Bχ(a,b], [L3], [L4], [L6], and [L7] show that h is μF-integrable. Let J:=ab(B+g)dF. By [L1], the integral J exists. The constant integrand B has the same Riemann-Stieltjes sum B(F(b)F(a)) for every tagged partition, so [L8] gives abBdF=B(F(b)F(a)). Therefore [L9] yields J=I+B(F(b)F(a)).

L1L3L4L5L6L8L9construct
1.2

Let ε>0. By [L2], choose a partition P0={a=t0<<tm=b} with UF(g,P0)LF(g,P0)<ε. By [L8], choose δ>0 such that every tagged partition of mesh below δ has Riemann-Stieltjes sum for B+g within ε of J. Let P={a=s0<<sn=b} be a refinement of P0 with mesh below δ. For each i put mi:=inf[si1,si]g,Mi:=sup[si1,si]g, and define nonnegative simple functions on R by P:=i=1n(B+mi)χ(si1,si],uP:=i=1n(B+Mi)χ(si1,si]. Then PhuP. Because each refined infimum is at least the corresponding coarse infimum and each refined supremum is at most the corresponding coarse supremum, the Stieltjes lower sum increases and the upper sum decreases under this refinement, so UF(g,P)LF(g,P)UF(g,P0)LF(g,P0)<ε. Also [L3] and [L4] give PdμF=B(F(b)F(a))+LF(g,P),uPdμF=B(F(b)F(a))+UF(g,P).

L2L3L4L8chooseconstruct
2.1

Fix any tagging ξ of P. Then PdμFhdμFuPdμF, and because mig(ξi)Mi on every subinterval, PdμFS(B+g,F;P,ξ)uPdμF. Hence both hdμF and S(B+g,F;P,ξ) lie in an interval of length UF(g,P)LF(g,P)<ε, so hdμFS(B+g,F;P,ξ)<ε.

step 1.2L7L8algebra
3.1

Because P<δ, [L8] gives S(B+g,F;P,ξ)J<ε. Combining this with step 2.1, hdμFJ<2ε. Since ε>0 was arbitrary, hdμF=J=I+B(F(b)F(a)).

step 1.1step 1.2step 2.1L8
4.1

Step 1.1 gives h=g~χ(a,b]+Bχ(a,b], and both summands are integrable by step 1.1. Therefore [L3] and [L6] yield (a,b]gdμF=hdμFBμF((a,b])=(I+B(F(b)F(a)))B(F(b)F(a))=I. This is exactly (a,b]gdμF=abgdF, so the two integrals agree.

step 1.1step 3.1L3L6

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