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For a continuous integrand, the Riemann-Stieltjes and Lebesgue-Stieltjes integrals agree
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice. Let , let be continuous, let be nondecreasing and right-continuous, and let be the Lebesgue-Stieltjes measure attached to . Then is -integrable on and
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The Axiom of Countable Choice, reals , a continuous function , a nondecreasing right-continuous function , its Lebesgue-Stieltjes measure , the Riemann-Stieltjes integral , and a real with on .
A continuous integrand is Riemann-Stieltjes integrable against every bounded-variation integrator; since a nondecreasing function has bounded variation, exists. (A continuous integrand is Riemann–Stieltjes integrable against every bounded-variation integrator)
For a nondecreasing integrator, Riemann-Stieltjes integrability is equivalent to the Darboux criterion; because is continuous, for every there is a partition with . (Darboux criterion for Riemann–Stieltjes integrability with a nondecreasing integrator)
The nonnegative integral agrees with the simple integral on simple functions, and the simple integral of is . (The nonnegative integral agrees with the simple integral on simple functions, The integral of a nonnegative simple function)
Continuous functions on are Borel measurable. (Continuous functions on Euclidean spaces are Borel measurable)
A measurable real function is integrable exactly when the integral of its absolute value is finite, and the Lebesgue integral is linear on . (Integrable real and complex functions, and their integrals, The Lebesgue integral is linear on )
The nonnegative integral is monotone. (Monotonicity and nonnegative homogeneity of the nonnegative integral)
Riemann-Stieltjes sums are and means that every tagged partition of sufficiently small mesh has sum within any prescribed of . (Riemann–Stieltjes sums, upper and lower sums, and the Riemann–Stieltjes integral)
The Riemann-Stieltjes integral is linear in the integrand. (Linearity and interval additivity of the Riemann–Stieltjes integral)
Proof
Extend to a continuous function by setting for , for , and for . Then [L5] makes Borel measurable. Put This is a nonnegative measurable function. Since , [L3], [L4], [L6], and [L7] show that is -integrable. Let By [L1], the integral exists. The constant integrand has the same Riemann-Stieltjes sum for every tagged partition, so [L8] gives Therefore [L9] yields
Let . By [L2], choose a partition with . By [L8], choose such that every tagged partition of mesh below has Riemann-Stieltjes sum for within of . Let be a refinement of with mesh below . For each put and define nonnegative simple functions on by Then . Because each refined infimum is at least the corresponding coarse infimum and each refined supremum is at most the corresponding coarse supremum, the Stieltjes lower sum increases and the upper sum decreases under this refinement, so Also [L3] and [L4] give
Fix any tagging of . Then and because on every subinterval, Hence both and lie in an interval of length , so
Because , [L8] gives Combining this with step 2.1, Since was arbitrary,
Step 1.1 gives , and both summands are integrable by step 1.1. Therefore [L3] and [L6] yield This is exactly so the two integrals agree.
Depends on
- Riemann–Stieltjes sums, upper and lower sums, and the Riemann–Stieltjes integral
- A continuous integrand is Riemann–Stieltjes integrable against every bounded-variation integrator
- Darboux criterion for Riemann–Stieltjes integrability with a nondecreasing integrator
- Linearity and interval additivity of the Riemann–Stieltjes integral
- Interval formulas and atoms for a Lebesgue-Stieltjes measure
- Monotonicity and nonnegative homogeneity of the nonnegative integral
- The nonnegative integral agrees with the simple integral on simple functions
- The integral of a nonnegative simple function
- Continuous functions on Euclidean spaces are Borel measurable
- The Lebesgue integral is linear on $L^1(\mu)$
- Integrable real and complex functions, and their integrals
Used by
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Sources
- Richard L. Wheeden and Antoni Zygmund, Measure and Integral: An Introduction to Real Analysis, Theorem (11.11) (standard reference, not scraped)