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The coinvariant algebra is the graded regular representation of W

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Choice, inherited from the published invariant-theory items. Let W be a finite Weyl group with reflection representation h, coinvariant algebra C=S(h)/S(h)S+W and classical basic degrees d1,…,dr as in The coinvariant algebra of a finite Weyl group and The coinvariant algebra is a complete intersection with one-dimensional socle. Then:

  1. C≅CW as a W-module: the coinvariant algebra is isomorphic to the regular representation of W.
  2. The graded W-character of C is HTr⁡(C,t)(w)=∑i≥0titr⁡(w∣Ci)=∏i=1r(1−t2di)⋅det⁡(1−t2w∣h∗)−1(w∈W), an identity of rational functions whose limit at t=1 is ∣W∣ for w=1 and 0 for w≠1.
  3. Equivalently, C is the graded lift of the regular representation: if mult⁡E(C,t) denotes the graded multiplicity of the irreducible W-module E, then the identity ∑Emult⁡E(C,t)χE(w)=HTr⁡(C,t)(w) determines the graded multiplicities uniquely, with mult⁡E(C,1)=dim⁡E. The Hilbert-series specialization of (2) at w=1 is ∏i(1+t2+⋯+t2(di−1)), the published coinvariant Hilbert series in the page normalization deg⁡h=2.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A finite Weyl group W of rank r acting on the reflection representation h∗, the symmetric algebra S=S(h) with page grading deg⁡h=2, homogeneous basic invariants of page degrees 2d1,…,2dr, and the coinvariant algebra C=S/I with quotient map ρ.

[F1]

Under AC there is a W-stable graded harmonic complement H⊆S with S≅SW⊗H as graded W-modules (SW acting trivially), the restriction ρ∣H:H→C is an isomorphism of graded W-modules, and dim⁡C=∣W∣ (The harmonic complement of the coinvariant algebra, The Axiom of Choice).

[F2]

Under AC, SW=C[w1,…,wr] is polynomial on the basic invariants of page degrees 2di, and ∏idi=∣W∣ (Chevalley shephard todd for finite weyl groups, Weyl coinvariant hilbert series has order w dimension).

[F3]

The irreducible complex characters of the finite group W form an orthonormal basis of the class functions; hence two finite-dimensional complex representations with equal characters are isomorphic, and a representation's isotypic multiplicities are the character pairings with the irreducible characters (The irreducible complex characters form an orthonormal basis of cf(G), A finite-dimensional representation ρ:G→GL⁡(V) over a field, and its degree).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1F1

By [F1], ρ∣H:H→∼C is an isomorphism of graded W-modules, so the graded traces agree: HTr⁡(C,t)(w)=HTr⁡(H,t)(w) for every w∈W.

1.2algebra

Molien's formula for the graded trace of S: for ∣t∣<1 and w∈W with eigenvalues λ1,…,λr on h∗, one has tr⁡(w∣Si)=hi(λ1,…,λr), the complete homogeneous symmetric polynomial of degree i, whose generating function is ∑i≥0hi(λ)ti=∏j(1−tλj)−1; with page degrees doubled this gives HTr⁡(S,t)(w)=det⁡(1−t2w∣h∗)−1 as an identity of formal power series, the finite sum over the eigenvalues making every coefficient finite.

1.3F1F2algebra

Since S≅SW⊗H with W acting trivially on the polynomial ring SW=C[w1,…,wr], whose homogeneous piece of page degree 2D has dimension equal to the number of monomials of weighted degree D, the graded trace factors as HTr⁡(S,t)(w)=∏i(1−t2di)−1⋅HTr⁡(H,t)(w) for ∣t∣<1.

2.1step 1.1step 1.2step 1.3

Combining steps 1.1 to 1.3, HTr⁡(C,t)(w)=∏i=1r(1−t2di)⋅HTr⁡(S,t)(w)=∏i=1r(1−t2di)⋅det⁡(1−t2w∣h∗)−1, first as an identity of formal power series for ∣t∣<1 and then as an identity of rational functions; this is assertion (2).

3.1F2step 2.1algebra

Limits at t→1: each factor 1−t2di vanishes to order exactly one at t=1 because its derivative there is −2di≠0, so the numerator vanishes to order r. The denominator det⁡(1−t2w∣h∗)=∏j(1−t2λj) vanishes at t=1 to the order of the multiplicity of the eigenvalue 1 of w on h∗, that is, to order dim⁡hw; the reflection representation is faithful, so w≠1 implies hw≠h and dim⁡hw≤r−1, whence for w≠1 the limit of HTr⁡(C,t)(w) is 0. At w=1 the quotient is ∏i(1−t2di)/(1−t2)r→∏idi=∣W∣ by [F2].

4.1F3step 3.1

The graded trace at t=1 is the ordinary character of the finite-dimensional W-module C, so step 3.1 shows χC(w)=∣W∣δw,1, the character of the regular representation; by the orthonormality of irreducible characters [F3], the multiplicity of each irreducible E in C equals its multiplicity in CW, namely dim⁡E. Hence C≅CW as W-modules, which is assertion (1).

5.1F3step 2.1step 4.1algebra∎

Graded multiplicities: each homogeneous piece of C decomposes into isotypic components, giving each irreducible E its uniquely determined graded multiplicity series mult⁡E(C,t), and the identities ∑Emult⁡E(C,t)χE(w)=HTr⁡(C,t)(w) for all w determine mult⁡E(C,t) as the coefficient of χE in the expansion of the graded character in the orthonormal basis of [F3]; setting t=1 recovers mult⁡E(C,1) as the multiplicity of E in C, which is dim⁡E by step 4.1; this is assertion (3). The Hilbert-series specialization of step 2.1 at w=1 is ∏i(1−t2di)/(1−t2)r=∏i(1+t2+⋯+t2(di−1)).

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