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The endpoint computation: the free rotation , the kick and
Example
In the model of The smooth -periodic pulsed oscillator: the normalized pulse, its Hamiltonian and its stroboscopic (period) map:
- the free oscillator , on the interval carries the initial data to
- the rescaled equation , has the exact solution , , so its endpoint map is
because ; and
Moreover with and the restriction of the pulse to has support contained in . On its support is the periodic union .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The model data , , , , the rescaled equation and the maps of The smooth -periodic pulsed oscillator: the normalized pulse, its Hamiltonian and its stroboscopic (period) map.
Trigonometric solution (The derivatives of sine and cosine are cosine and minus sine, Sine and cosine defined by their real power series, Parity and the Pythagorean identity for sine and cosine, The zero sets of sine and cosine and the least positive common period 2 pi, Pi is the first positive zero of sine): the functions , satisfy , and the initial conditions; , , and the Pythagorean identity gives .
Pulse data (The smooth -periodic pulsed oscillator: the normalized pulse, its Hamiltonian and its stroboscopic (period) map): is smooth, nonnegative and compactly supported inside with ; is -periodic with ; on and on .
Since is continuous on , it is integrable (A continuous function on is Riemann integrable, by Heine-Cantor and Riemann's criterion); its integral function satisfies on by the first part of the fundamental theorem of calculus (The first fundamental theorem: if is integrable on and continuous at , then ; in particular a continuous has as a primitive), and by [L2].
Uniqueness of solutions (Every Picard–Lindelöf initial value problem has one maximal solution on an open interval): the free oscillator field is continuous and locally Lipschitz, so its initial value problems have a unique maximal solution; every solution with the same initial data is a restriction of that maximal solution.
Verification
direct; differentiate the displayed trigonometric solutions, integrate the constant right-hand side, and substitute the two endpoint maps.
Free rotation: by [L1] the displayed solves the free equations with the stated initial data, so by the uniqueness clause of [L4] it is the solution and the time- map is .
Kick: for the rescaled equation is , . By [L3], and solve it with the stated initial data; evaluating at and using gives .
Composition: substituting into and expanding gives , which is the displayed identity.
Pulse support and normalization: by [L2], on the single period the coefficient vanishes outside the compact set , is nonnegative, and has integral . Periodicity translates that set by each , , giving the stated global support union. The integral on one period is ; the global periodic coefficient does not have bounded support.
Remarks
- The computation is a formal comparison object: the endpoint map is the endpoint map of the limiting pulse of unit total strength concentrated in zero time. The genuine model has , and the comparison is quantified in The rescaled pulse endpoint map converges to the kick in , and the period map is smooth, symplectic and -close to .
Depends on
The smooth -periodic pulsed oscillator: the normalized pulse, its Hamiltonian and its stroboscopic (period) map
Every Picard–Lindelöf initial value problem has one maximal solution on an open interval
The derivatives of sine and cosine are cosine and minus sine
Sine and cosine defined by their real power series
Parity and the Pythagorean identity for sine and cosine
The zero sets of sine and cosine and the least positive common period 2 pi
Intervals of : the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length
Pi is the first positive zero of sine
A continuous function on is Riemann integrable, by Heine-Cantor and Riemann's criterion
The first fundamental theorem: if is integrable on and continuous at , then ; in particular a continuous has as a primitive
Dependency tree · 2 levels
Sources
- G. Teschl, Ordinary Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems, AMS Graduate Studies in Mathematics 140 (author's preliminary online edition, complete PDF), Section 3.3, the linear planar oscillator and its rotation matrices
- S. Dyatlov, Lecture notes for 18.155, MIT (2022), complete course notes PDF, test functions and normalized smooth bumps