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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedaudited 2026-09-22
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Pontryagin Whitney product away from two

Statement

Assume AC. Let E,F→B be numerable real bundles over a path-connected paracompact Hausdorff CW base. Over Z[1/2], or any coefficient ring in which 2 is invertible, the total Pontryagin classes multiply: p(E⊕F)=p(E) p(F). No integral multiplicativity is asserted: integrally the omitted odd-Chern cross terms can obstruct the formula, and the companion examples page supplies a witness for that failure.

Facts & Assumptions

[A1]

The Axiom of Choice is assumed, exactly as inherited from the Chern-class suppliers (The Axiom of Choice).

[F1]

pi(V)=(−1)ic2i(VC), with p0=1 (Pontryagin classes by complexification).

[F2]

For a complexified real bundle all odd Chern classes are two-torsion: 2c2j+1(VC)=0 (Odd Chern classes of a complexified real bundle are two-torsion).

[F3]

Total Chern classes are multiplicative over Whitney sums and natural (Naturality, normalization, and Whitney sum for Chern classes).

[F4]

A Whitney sum of two bundles over the same field has block-diagonal transition matrices (Whitney sum, tensor, dual, Hom, and exterior-power bundles). Real and complex vector bundles are specified locally by real- or complex-linear trivializations (Real and complex topological vector bundles), and compatible transition cocycles glue to bundle isomorphisms (Vector bundles are glued from transition cocycles).

Proof

technique · direct

Given: AC and numerable real bundles E,F→B over a path-connected paracompact Hausdorff CW base.

1.1F3F4algebra

On each fiber define Φb:((Eb⊕Fb)⊗RC)→(Eb⊗RC)⊕(Fb⊗RC) by Φb((e,f)⊗z)=(e⊗z,f⊗z) and extend additively. The tensor balancing relations make this well defined, and the inclusions of the two direct summands give its inverse. In simultaneous real bundle charts, a Whitney-sum transition is diag⁡(gji,hji) by [F4]; complexification reads the same real matrix over C, which is exactly the block-diagonal transition for EC⊕FC. Thus the Φb are locally the same fixed coordinate isomorphism, hence continuous and compatible with all transitions, and [F4] glues them to (E⊕F)C≅EC⊕FC. Multiplicativity [F3] now gives c((E⊕F)C)=c(EC)c(FC); expanding in degree 2i gives the sum of the even-even and odd-odd terms.

2.1F1step 1.1

In the even-even terms write a=2r, b=2s with r+s=i: then (−1)ic2r(EC)c2s(FC)=(−1)r+sc2r(EC)c2s(FC)=pr(E)ps(F) by [F1], since (−1)r+s=(−1)i.

2.2F2step 1.1

Every odd-odd term has the form c2r+1(EC)c2s+1(FC) with r+s=i−1, and each factor is two-torsion by [F2]; after inverting two these terms vanish, and the same holds in any coefficient ring in which 2 is invertible.

3.1F1step 2.1step 2.2

Multiplying the degree-2i expansion of step 1.1 by (−1)i and using steps 2.1 and 2.2, pi(E⊕F)=∑r+s=ipr(E)ps(F) over Z[1/2], which is the degree-i component of p(E⊕F)=p(E)p(F).

3.2step 2.2

The statement asserts no integral identity: the discarded odd-odd terms need not vanish integrally, and the companion examples page exhibits an integral counterexample for the universal real line.

4.1A1F1F3step 3.1∎

Boundary cases. For i=0 both sides are 1; if one summand has rank zero the formula reduces to p(F)=p(F) by stability. The empty base is excluded by the path-connected hypothesis; the coefficient ring Z[1/2] is nonzero and 2 is invertible there by construction, so no division by zero occurs. AC is used only through [A1].

Source notes

Miller's Lecture 36 shows that the odd Chern classes of complexified bundles are exactly the obstruction to integral multiplicativity, and Hatcher's Theorem 3.16 works over Z[1/2] for that reason. The witness for integral failure is proved on the companion examples page (cex-integral-total-pontryagin-multiplicativity-cannot-ignore-two-torsion), not assumed here.

Depends on

Dependency tree · 2 levels

Sources