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Maximal bifurcation-boundary section under the original regular hypotheses
Statement
Under the article regular stationary-vacuum hypotheses, there is a smooth spacelike maximal section whose closure has boundary and whose interior is Cauchy in . It lies in an exterior-preserving smooth stationary vacuum strongly causal ambient spacetime with complete stationary flow. Its stationary translates foliate . On its original end it is a CW asymptotically flat graph: at falloff exponent one, its height and differentiated weighted bounds allow logarithmic growth. No stronger normalized end-gauge estimate is asserted in this lemma.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The data and hypotheses of the Statement.
Goal: The asserted conclusion with its stated scope.
The glued ambient is smooth, strongly causal, vacuum and has complete stationary field with connected closed acausal section . Strongly causal complete stationary ambient gluing around the exterior Canonical bifurcation collar joined to the original exterior Cauchy section
The band-domain lemma establishes for the CW convention in which every inextendible timelike curve through a point must meet the section; it also supplies the required chronological end exclusion. Its separate causal-curve conclusion is not substituted for this source convention. The adopted general Cauchy-closure interface confines any further original-ambient closure points of an exterior Cauchy section to the double boundary . The exterior is the interior domain of dependence in the glued ambient Closure of the exterior Cauchy section meets only the double horizon
The original O6 end supplies the CW differentiated Hölder interface, and the existing exact CW existence input gives maximal boundary sections. Differentiated asymptotic bounds and parameter uniformity Differentiated stationary end bounds imply the weighted Hölder interface Stationary maximal hypersurface existence with a horizon boundary
For a closed achronal subset of a spacetime , if and only if . The causal domain may equivalently be tested with continuous causal curves; see External input.
Every causal curve in the declared locally absolutely continuous convention is a geodesically connectible continuous causal curve. A smooth function with past timelike gradient strictly increases along every future causal curve in its domain. Push-up gives . Equivalence of the absolutely-continuous and continuous causal conventions, and one-sided inextendible extensions Temporal functions are time functions, and time functions forbid closed causal curves Push-up rule
Maximal timelike geodesics through a specified point are inextendible in the no-endpoint-limit convention, and chronological futures and pasts are open. Smooth embedded hypersurfaces admit local slice coordinates. Convergent causal ends are extendible, maximal geodesics have no limit, and Cauchy sets are acausal Openness of the chronological future and past, openness of the chronological relation, and closure of future and past sets Embedded submanifolds and slice charts
Retain the ZFC convention of the regular data. It supplies Countable Choice and Dependent Choice for the causal suppliers in F5 and F6. These are mathematical suppliers. Regular non-degenerate stationary vacuum spacetime
Proof
**Given:**The data and hypotheses of the Statement.
Goal: The asserted conclusion with its stated scope.
[F1] The glued ambient is smooth, strongly causal, vacuum and has complete stationary field with connected closed acausal section . Strongly causal complete stationary ambient gluing around the exterior Canonical bifurcation collar joined to the original exterior Cauchy section
[F2] The band-domain lemma establishes for the CW convention in which every inextendible timelike curve through a point must meet the section; it also supplies the required chronological end exclusion. Its separate causal-curve conclusion is not substituted for this source convention. The adopted general Cauchy-closure interface confines any further original-ambient closure points of an exterior Cauchy section to the double boundary . The exterior is the interior domain of dependence in the glued ambient Closure of the exterior Cauchy section meets only the double horizon
[F3] The original O6 end supplies the CW differentiated Hölder interface, and the existing exact CW existence input gives maximal boundary sections. Differentiated asymptotic bounds and parameter uniformity Differentiated stationary end bounds imply the weighted Hölder interface Stationary maximal hypersurface existence with a horizon boundary
The section has one Euclidean end and a compact interior with boundary , and its data agree with the original stationary end. The stationary field is tangent to and equals in the end. Use order five and any fixed Hölder exponent in : the sixth differentiated end bounds imply the required order-five weighted Hölder bounds. Together with the ambient construction and the identified domain of dependence, every class-(b) and exclusion hypothesis of the existing CW input is supplied. In the source convention, , with all inextendible timelike curves taken in the glued ambient. The timelike-curve conclusion in F2 gives exactly and . This checks the source exclusion for its own domain, without assuming that a causal-curve domain and a timelike-curve domain coincide in general.
Apply the existence input with the hypotheses checked in step 1.1. It gives smooth maximal sections with fixed boundary , interiors covering and Cauchy there in the source convention, and the stated end graph bounds. For the Cauchy assertion use only the source conclusion that is achronal and every inextendible timelike curve in meets it exactly once. Vacuum gives zero Ricci tensor, hence the timelike-convergence condition and the stationary foliation conclusion. This invokes the nonlinear existence theorem as an external prerequisite and does not reconstruct it or infer stronger end gauge from its logarithmic graph estimate.
Fix . The hypersurface is closed in : if , a maximal timelike geodesic through , taken in , meets at a point by the source Cauchy conclusion. Thus or . The corresponding open chronological neighborhood of meets at another point, contradicting achronality. Moreover by that same source conclusion. Apply F4 with and , obtaining . By the continuous-curve interface in F5, every inextendible locally absolutely continuous causal curve in is among the continuous causal curves tested by this imported conclusion: its image is unchanged and its ends still have no point limit in . Consequently every declared causal curve meets .
The intersection counts exactly one parameter value. Indeed, near any choose slice coordinates with . Since is spacelike, the coordinates can be chosen with future timelike and past timelike at , and both properties persist after shrinking to a product coordinate box. For a future causal curve through at parameter , temporal monotonicity in F5 gives on a short interval after . A point on that interval is chronologically above some , using the coordinate fiber with fixed from to . If a later parameter also gave , choose in that interval. Push-up gives , hence , contradicting achronality when and strong causality when . Thus two distinct parameter visits are impossible. Together with step 3.1, this establishes the declared causal Cauchy condition.
The local right germ at is shared with the original spacetime. Now that is Cauchy in the declared sense, the general Cauchy-closure interface applies in the original geometry and excludes further original-ambient accumulation points away from the double boundary . The fixed smooth boundary supplied in step 2.1 already includes all of , so the closure boundary is exactly . All maximality, stationary covariance, foliation and end bounds from step 2.1 are retained.
External input
Import Minguzzi's Corollary 3.34 and Remark 3.31: F4's equivalence and continuous-curve convention, requiring closedness and achronality. Apply them with and .
Depends on
- Strongly causal complete stationary ambient gluing around the exterior
- Canonical bifurcation collar joined to the original exterior Cauchy section
- The exterior is the interior domain of dependence in the glued ambient
- Differentiated asymptotic bounds and parameter uniformity
- Differentiated stationary end bounds imply the weighted Hölder interface
- Stationary maximal hypersurface existence with a horizon boundary
- Closure of the exterior Cauchy section meets only the double horizon
- Regular non-degenerate stationary vacuum spacetime
- Causal exterior, chronological boundaries and Cauchy data
- Spacelike sections, maximality and lapse–shift data
- Convergent causal ends are extendible, maximal geodesics have no limit, and Cauchy sets are acausal
- Openness of the chronological future and past, openness of the chronological relation, and closure of future and past sets
- The push-up rule: p << q and q <= r imply p << r, together with the timelike-piece criterion
- Temporal functions are time functions, and time functions forbid closed causal curves
- Equivalence of the absolutely-continuous and continuous causal conventions, and one-sided inextendible extensions
- Embedded submanifolds and slice charts
- E. Minguzzi, Lorentzian causality theory, Living Reviews in Relativity 22 (2019), article 3 · Section 3.2, Definition 3.29, Remark 3.31, Proposition 3.33 (3.8), and Corollary 3.34, printed/PDF pp. 93–95.
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External dependencies
For closed achronal A in a spacetime W, the timelike domain is W iff the causal domain is W; continuous causal curves give the same causal domain.
Hypotheses: A closed achronal subset of a time-oriented smooth Lorentzian spacetime; all curves and domains are relative to that spacetime.
Reading limits: Read the listed PDF-text passages and Corollary 3.34 argument; imported only this equivalence and continuous-curve convention. No full proof review. Screenshots unavailable. The parameter interface and application are local.
Sources
- E. Minguzzi, Lorentzian causality theory, Living Reviews in Relativity 22 (2019), article 3 · Section 3.2, Definition 3.29, Remark 3.31, Proposition 3.33 (3.8), and Corollary 3.34, printed/PDF pp. 93–95.