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Degree 2g-1 does not force base-point-freeness
Statement refuted
Assume the Axiom of Choice; it supplies Dependent Choice through AC implies DC implies countable choice. The theorem that a line bundle of degree at least on a curve of genus is base-point-free is sharp in its degree bound: a line bundle of degree need not be base-point-free.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: the Axiom of Choice and its consequence Dependent Choice; a field , a smooth proper geometrically integral curve of genus over with a -rational point , and the invertible sheaf with associated divisor .
, so ; and the divisor--invertible-sheaf dictionary identifies and . (The canonical divisor has degree 2g - 2, Canonical bundle and canonical divisors, Degree divisor proper curve, Invertible sheaf of cartier divisor, Cartier and Weil divisors agree on a smooth curve)
For a divisor of degree on a curve of genus the nonspecial formula gives and ; equivalently has . (Riemann-Roch in exact form for divisors of degree above 2g - 2, H^1 of a line bundle vanishes above degree 2g - 2, The full Riemann-Roch theorem for divisors on a smooth proper curve, The Riemann-Roch dimension l(D))
, where is the canonical bundle; the Riemann-Roch space of is the space of holomorphic differentials. (The canonical bundle has exactly g independent sections, The space L(D))
A closed point is a base point of the complete linear system of a divisor exactly when every global section of vanishes at , equivalently ; the sheaf is base-point-free when no closed point is a base point. (Base points and base-point-free linear systems)
A line bundle of degree at least on a curve of genus is base-point-free; this is the statement whose degree bound is tested here. (Line bundles of degree at least 2g are base-point-free)
On a genus-one curve, the canonical bundle is trivial and every canonical divisor is principal; hence and . The divisor-line-bundle dictionary identifies this linear equivalence with the corresponding isomorphism of invertible sheaves. (The canonical bundle of a genus-one curve is trivial, Rational sections of line bundles are Cartier divisors, Cartier and Weil divisors agree on a smooth curve)
The Axiom of Choice: every family of nonempty sets has a choice function. (The Axiom of Choice)
In ZF, the Axiom of Choice implies Dependent Choice; this supplies the Dependent Choice premise of the Cartier-to-Weil divisor dictionary used in [F1] and [F6]. (AC implies DC implies countable choice, The axiom of dependent choice: a relation in which every element is related to something admits an -indexed chain)
Counterexample
Assume the Axiom of Choice; it supplies Dependent Choice through AC implies DC implies countable choice. Let be a field, let be a smooth proper geometrically integral curve of genus over with a -rational point , let be a canonical divisor and put Then , and since the nonspecial formula gives On the other hand has by the canonical-sections computation, and is an inclusion of spaces of the same dimension ; hence the two spaces are equal and every global section of vanishes at . Therefore is a base point of the complete linear system , and is not base-point-free even though its degree is the largest value below the safe bound of the base-point-freeness theorem. For , [F6] gives , so ; its unique section has zero divisor and vanishes at .
Proof technique: compute both section spaces and observe that the evaluation at has no room to be nonzero.
By [F1], , so [F2] applies and gives together with .
Since by [F1] and by [F3], the space has dimension ; by the inclusion of [F1] and Step 1.1, is an inclusion of -vector spaces of the same dimension , hence an equality.
The equality of Step 2.1 says exactly that every global section of vanishes at the -rational point ; by the base-point criterion [F4], is a base point of the complete linear system and is not base-point-free.
Since , this counterexample shows that the degree bound in the base-point-freeness theorem [F5] cannot be lowered from to : the bound is sharp.
For , [F6] gives (the chosen representative need not equal the zero divisor), so . Step 1.1 gives , and this isomorphism makes one-dimensional. Its canonical section has zero divisor , so the unique one-dimensional section space vanishes at , in agreement with Step 3.1. The Axiom of Choice is used through the degree, duality, and divisor suppliers, and [F8] supplies the Dependent Choice premise of the Cartier-to-Weil route.
Depends on
- The canonical divisor has degree 2g - 2
- The canonical bundle has exactly g independent sections
- H^1 of a line bundle vanishes above degree 2g - 2
- Riemann-Roch in exact form for divisors of degree above 2g - 2
- The Axiom of Choice
- Base points and base-point-free linear systems
- Canonical bundle and canonical divisors
- The axiom of dependent choice: a relation in which every element is related to something admits an $\mathbb{N}$-indexed chain
- Degree divisor proper curve
- Invertible sheaf of cartier divisor
- The Riemann-Roch dimension l(D)
- The space L(D)
- Cartier and Weil divisors agree on a smooth curve
- AC implies DC implies countable choice
- Line bundles of degree at least 2g are base-point-free
- The full Riemann-Roch theorem for divisors on a smooth proper curve
- The canonical bundle of a genus-one curve is trivial
- Rational sections of line bundles are Cartier divisors
Used by
Nothing in the library uses this result yet.
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- Ravi Vakil, The Rising Sea (version of October 21, 2025) (standard reference, not scraped)
- The Stacks Project, Algebraic Curves (tag 0BRV) (standard reference, not scraped)