How statement and proof provenance work
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Two copies of glued along give a non-Hausdorff quotient of a metrizable space, by an open quotient map
Statement refuted
Refuted: that a quotient of a Hausdorff space is Hausdorff (FALSE: a quotient of a Hausdorff space is Hausdorff, Hausdorff space: distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods; every metrizable space is Hausdorff and the indiscrete topology on two points is not).
Witness. Let be the disjoint union of two copies of the real line with its usual topology (The disjoint union (coproduct) with the final topology of the canonical injections: a set is open exactly when each of its traces is, The absolute value makes a metric space: is a metric, its open balls are the intervals , and it is unbounded), so the points of are the pairs with and . Let have as classes for together with the two singletons and , let carry the quotient topology and let be the canonical projection (The quotient topology of a surjection, quotient maps, saturated sets, and the quotient of a space by an equivalence relation with its canonical projection). Then:
- is metrizable, by the explicit metric which induces the disjoint union topology (Metrizable space: a topological space whose topology is induced by some metric; metrizability is topological, the metric is not, Metric space: iff , symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric). In particular is Hausdorff (Hausdorff space: distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods; every metrizable space is Hausdorff and the indiscrete topology on two points is not).
- is an open map, hence an open quotient map (A continuous open surjection, a continuous closed surjection, and a continuous surjection admitting a continuous section are all quotient maps): the saturation of an open set is open, being the set together with the image of its part off the two origins under the homeomorphism of that swaps the two copies.
- is not Hausdorff: the two origins and are distinct and every pair of open sets containing them respectively meets.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: with the disjoint union topology; the function above; the relation , the quotient and its projection ; the points and ; the set and the swap .
is open exactly when both traces are open in (The disjoint union (coproduct) with the final topology of the canonical injections: a set is open exactly when each of its traces is, A map out of a disjoint union is continuous iff each of its restrictions is; the canonical injections are open and closed embeddings; and each summand is clopen in the union).
is a surjection and is open exactly when is open in ; the saturation of is (The quotient topology of a surjection, quotient maps, saturated sets, and the quotient of a space by an equivalence relation with its canonical projection).
A space is Hausdorff when distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods; every metrizable space is Hausdorff (Hausdorff space: distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods; every metrizable space is Hausdorff and the indiscrete topology on two points is not, Metrizable space: a topological space whose topology is induced by some metric; metrizability is topological, the metric is not).
A metric satisfies (M1) iff , (M2) symmetry and (M3) the triangle inequality; the metric topology has the balls as a basis (Metric space: iff , symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric, The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement, Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space).
with iff , (Basic properties of the absolute value), and (The triangle inequality); the order of is total, so two reals have a minimum, which lies in the pair and is a lower bound for it (Maximum and minimum of a set).
is open in , a subset of is open exactly when each of its points has a bounded open interval around it inside it, and for (Intervals of : the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length, The absolute value makes a metric space: is a metric, its open balls are the intervals , and it is unbounded, Metrizable space: a topological space whose topology is induced by some metric; metrizability is topological, the metric is not).
A continuous open surjection is a quotient map (A continuous open surjection, a continuous closed surjection, and a continuous surjection admitting a continuous section are all quotient maps, clause 1); a homeomorphism carries open sets to open sets (Homeomorphism, open map, closed map, embedding, and what it means for a property to be topological).
Counterexample
satisfies (M1) and (M2): for one has exactly when , that is , by [L2]; for the value is and the two points differ; and both clauses are symmetric in the two arguments.
satisfies (M3). If the two outer points share a tag, the left side is at most ; a middle point with the same tag gives when both right-hand terms are below , and a right-hand side of at least otherwise, while a middle point with the other tag gives a right-hand side of . If the two outer points have different tags, the left side is and the middle point shares a tag with at most one of them, so at least one right-hand term is .
is a homeomorphism of : it is its own inverse, and it carries a set with traces to the set with traces , so it preserves openness by [A1].
, the classes and being distinct; and for every .
is open in , both of its traces being , which is open by [L3].
For : , since a point with the other tag is at distance , and for the same tag holds exactly when .
The saturation of is : the class of is for and for , so saturating adds exactly the swapped copies of the points of off the two origins.
Suppose are open in with , . Then and are open in by [A2], containing and respectively, so by [A1] and [L3] there are with and .
is the disjoint union topology. If is -open and , a ball of radius inside is by step 2.1, so each trace is open by [L3], whence is open in by [A1]; conversely if is open in and , then is open, so [L3] gives with , and the ball of radius lies in by step 2.1 and [L2].
By steps 1.3, 1.5 and 2.2 the saturation of an open is the union of the open sets and , hence open; so is open in by [A2], and is an open quotient map by [L4]. This is claim 2.
With one has and by [L2] and [L3], so , and by step 1.4 lies in ; hence . As and were arbitrary, and have no disjoint open neighbourhoods, and is not Hausdorff by [A3]. This is claim 3.
By steps 1.1, 1.2 and 3.1 the function is a metric inducing the topology of , so is metrizable and hence Hausdorff by [A3]. This is claim 1.
By step 4.1 the space is Hausdorff, by step 3.2 the map is a quotient map, and by step 3.3 the quotient is not Hausdorff; so a quotient of a Hausdorff space need not be Hausdorff, which refutes the claim.
Remarks
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The name. As a set, is with the point doubled: every class other than the two origins has a unique representative with and is determined by alone. Each origin has neighbourhoods that look like intervals around , and any two such intervals overlap away from , which is exactly step 3.3.
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The metric of claim 1 is the standard truncation trick. Truncating at keeps the two copies at distance from each other while leaving the topology of each copy untouched, since only balls of radius at most matter for the topology (step 2.1). Any bounded metric equivalent to the usual one on each copy would do.
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Strengthening the source's separation and countability properties does not help here. is metrizable, hence Hausdorff and first countable, and is an open quotient map; none of that is enough. What would be needed is a condition on the relation itself, and no such condition is stated at this point in the reading order (What the theory of these constructions still owes at this point in the reading order: preservation of quotient maps under products, separation beyond Hausdorff, and the invariants that tell the glued spaces apart).
Depends on
- FALSE: a quotient of a Hausdorff space is Hausdorff
- Hausdorff space: distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods; every metrizable space is Hausdorff and the indiscrete topology on two points is not
- The quotient topology of a surjection, quotient maps, saturated sets, and the quotient of a space by an equivalence relation with its canonical projection
- The disjoint union (coproduct) $\bigsqcup_i X_i$ with the final topology of the canonical injections: a set is open exactly when each of its traces is
- A map out of a disjoint union is continuous iff each of its restrictions is; the canonical injections are open and closed embeddings; and each summand is clopen in the union
- A continuous open surjection, a continuous closed surjection, and a continuous surjection admitting a continuous section are all quotient maps
- Metrizable space: a topological space whose topology is induced by some metric; metrizability is topological, the metric is not
- Metric space: $d(x,y) = 0$ iff $x = y$, symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric
- Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space
- The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement
- The absolute value makes $\mathbb{R}$ a metric space: $d(x,y) = |x-y|$ is a metric, its open balls are the intervals $(x-r, x+r)$, and it is unbounded
- Intervals of $\mathbb{R}$: the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length
- Maximum and minimum of a set
- Basic properties of the absolute value
- The triangle inequality
- Homeomorphism, open map, closed map, embedding, and what it means for a property to be topological
Used by
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Sources
- Line with two origins (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Hausdorff space (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)