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Lp and Sobolev classes do not determine point values

Statement

Assume Countable Choice. Let n≥1, let Ω⊆Rn be a nonempty open set, and fix x0∈Ω. For every k∈N0, 1≤p≤∞, and K∈{R,C}, the zero function and the point spike u0(x)=0,u1(x)=1{x0}(x) represent the same element of Lp(Ω;K) and Wk,p(Ω;K), although u0(x0)=0 and u1(x0)=1. Consequently evaluation at x0 is not a well-defined operation on either equivalence class.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Countable Choice, a nonempty open Ω⊆Rn, n≥1, x0∈Ω, k∈N0, 1≤p≤∞, and K∈{R,C}.

[F1]

Every at most countable subset of Rn is Lebesgue measurable and null under Countable Choice. In particular, {x0} is measurable and null. (Every at most countable subset of Rn is Lebesgue null; in particular λ1(Q)=0)

[F2]

An indicator of a measurable set is measurable. (An indicator function is measurable exactly when its set is measurable)

[F3]

An Lp element is an almost-everywhere equivalence class of measurable representatives. (The space Lp(μ) as the quotient by null functions)

[F4]

A Wk,p class has an Lp representative whose weak derivatives Dαu lie in Lp for every ∣α∣≤k; representatives and weak derivative classes are well-defined under Countable Choice. (Integer-order Sobolev spaces and their norms)

[F7]

The zero multi-index derivative is the function class itself: D0u=u. (Integer-order Sobolev spaces and their norms)

[F5]

Weak differentiation is unchanged when both the input and derivative representatives are changed on null sets, for all 1≤p≤∞ under Countable Choice. (Weak differentiation ignores null-set changes)

[F6]

A nonnegative measurable function has integral zero over a measurable null set. (A nonnegative integral over a null set vanishes)

[F8]

Countable Choice, or ACω, says that every sequence of nonempty sets has a choice function selecting one element from each set. (The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω))

Counterexample

technique · direct
1.1F1F2F3F6given

Put E={x0}. By [F1], E is measurable and ∣E∣=0, so [F2] makes u1=1E measurable. Both functions are locally integrable; for every compact K⊆Ω, ∫K∣u1∣ dx=∫K∩E1 dx=0 by [F6]. They agree at every x≠x0, hence almost everywhere. For 1≤p<∞, ∫Ω∣u1∣p dx=∫E1 dx=0 again by [F6]; for p=∞, every positive superlevel set {∣u1∣>ε} is empty or E, so its measure is zero and ∥u1∥L∞=0. Thus [u0]=[u1] in every Lp by [F3], including both endpoints.

2.1F4F5F7step 1.1given

For every multi-index α, zero has weak derivative zero because both sides of its test identity vanish. The functions u0,u1,0,0 are locally integrable and u0=u1 almost everywhere, so [F5] transfers the identity to u1: zero is a weak derivative of both representatives at every order. At α=0 the derivative class is their common zero Lp class by [F7]; for ∣α∣>0 it is the zero Lp class. By [F4], both belong to Wk,p with identical derivative classes through order k, so every term in the Sobolev norm is zero. This includes k=0, p=1, and p=∞.

3.1F3F4F8step 1.1step 2.1given∎

The representatives have different point values, u0(x0)=0 and u1(x0)=1, although [F3] and [F4] identify them as the same Lp and Wk,p elements. A value at x0 therefore cannot be assigned from either class alone. After fixing x0, the construction makes no choices; the stated Countable Choice hypothesis is exactly ACω by [F8] and is carried only through the null-set, representative-independence, and Sobolev-class interfaces. No full Axiom of Choice is used.

Depends on

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Sources