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Energy uniqueness for the wave Cauchy problem

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice (The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω)). Let c>0, T>0 and let u be a classical solution of □cu=0 on Rn×(0,T) with Cauchy data (u0,u1) and differentiable displacement u0, so Du0 in the initial-energy hypothesis is defined, and assume the total energy has a finite initial value and is conserved in the sharp form ERn(t)=ERn(0) for every t∈(0,T), where ERn(0)=12∫Rn(u12+c2∣Du0∣2) dx. This holds, for instance, when the solution has fixed compact spatial support (by Conservation of total wave energy in three admissible settings(a) together with continuity of e up to t=0 on the fixed support with its value given by the data density), or when the integrability hypotheses of that theorem's case (b) hold and ERn has a continuous extension to 0 with value equal to the displayed data energy.

(i) If the Cauchy data vanish, u0=u1=0, then ERn(0)=0, hence ERn(t)=0 for all t, hence ut(⋅,t)=Du(⋅,t)=0 and u(⋅,t) is constant on Rn for every t∈(0,T); the constant is the common limit of u(⋅,t) as t↓0, namely u0=0, so u≡0.

(ii) More generally, if u1=0 and Du0=0 (equivalently ERn(0)=0 under the conserved-solution hypotheses), then u(⋅,t)≡u0 for every t, where the displacement datum u0 is then constant: the energy sees only (ut,Du), and the displacement datum fixes the residual spatial constant. Consequently, two classical solutions with equal Cauchy data in a class closed under differences, in which each difference has the stated sharp energy conservation, agree.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: ACω; a classical solution u of □cu=0 on Rn×(0,T) with Cauchy data (u0,u1) and differentiable displacement u0, so Du0 in the initial-energy hypothesis is defined, whose total energy ERn(t)=∫Rne(x,t) dx has the finite initial value ERn(0)=12∫(u12+c2∣Du0∣2) and is conserved in the sharp form ERn(t)=ERn(0) for t∈(0,T); the density e=12(ut2+c2∣Du∣2)≥0 of Wave energy density, energy flux and total energy.

[F1]

In the whole-space settings (a) and (b), ERn is constant on (0,T); the hypothesis of this corollary records the sharp form in which that constant is the initial value, ERn(t)=ERn(0) for all t∈(0,T); ERn(0) is the displayed data energy, not an assertion about endpoint derivatives. (Conservation of total wave energy in three admissible settings)

[F2]

A nonnegative measurable function has integral 0 exactly when it vanishes almost everywhere. (A nonnegative measurable function has integral 0 exactly when it vanishes almost everywhere)

[F3]

On an open convex set, a C1 function with vanishing gradient is constant. (Vanishing gradient and time derivative force constancy on convex sets)

Proof

1.1givenF1F2algebra

Vanishing of the density: if ERn(0)=0 (in particular if u0=u1=0), then [F1] gives ERn(t)=0 for every t∈(0,T). Since e(⋅,t)≥0 is continuous, [F2] makes it zero almost everywhere, hence everywhere: a positive value would persist on a ball of positive measure. The sum of squares 2e=ut2+c2∣Du∣2 then gives ut=Du=0 pointwise at every positive time.

2.1givenstep 1.1F3F4

Constancy: the space-time set Rn×(0,T) is open and convex by [F4], so [F3] and step 1.1 make u a single constant there. The displacement limit identifies this constant with u0(x) for every x. When u0=u1=0, this proves clause (i).

3.1givenstep 1.1step 2.1algebra

General zero-energy data: if u1=0 and Du0=0, the displayed data energy is zero, so steps 1.1 and 2.1 show that u equals the constant datum u0 at every positive time. Conversely, if ERn(0)=0, those steps make u a single constant with ut=0; its Cauchy limits give u0 constant and u1=0, hence Du0=0. This proves clause (ii) and its equivalence without assuming continuity of Du0 or u1.

4.1givenstep 2.1F5∎

Uniqueness: for two solutions u,v in the stated class with equal Cauchy data, w:=u−v is homogeneous by [F5] and has zero Cauchy limits. The class hypothesis supplies sharp conservation for w, so clause (i) gives u=v on Rn×(0,T). Their Cauchy extensions, defined at t=0 by the common displacement datum, also agree there; independently assigned endpoint values are not constrained by the Cauchy limits.

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